1 Asking and giving direction
2 How do I get to …?
3 What's the best way to …?
4 Where is …?
5 Go straight on/ a head : Lurus
6 Turn back./Go back. : Kembali
7 Turn left/go left/take left/ : Belok kiri/kanan
8 Turn right/go right/take right : Belok kanan
9 Go around … : Mengelilingi
10 Roundabout/ rotary : Bundaran
11 Cross … : Melintasi
12 Opposite : Berhadapan
13 Near : Dekat
14 Next to : Disamping
15 Between : Diantara
16 At the end of the road : di Akhir jalan
17 At the corner of the road : Dipojok jalan
18 Behind : Dibelakang
19 In front of : Didepan
20 High way : Jalan besar antara propinsi
21 Road : Jalan biasa
22 Street : Jalan yang ada trotoar sebelahnya
23 Boulevard : Jalan besar/ jalan yang ditengah ada taman pembatas
24 Avenue : Jalan yang ada pepohonan yang kedua sisinya rindang
25 Dead end/ blind road : Jalan buntu
26 Short way/ cut way : Jalan pintas
27 Cross roads : Perempatan
28 Three junction/T junction : Pertigaan
29 Traffic lights : Lampu lalulintas
30 Traffic sign : Rambu-rambu lalu lintas
31 Traffic bump : Polisi tidur
32 Upward road : Jalan menanjak
33 Down ward road : Jalan turun
34 Signpost : Papan penunjuk jalan

Practice the Following Directions
1. You are on Broadway Street and Avenue C. Go straight ahead on Broadway Street for three blocks, turn right and go one block. Turn left and go one-half a block. What is on your left?
2. You are at the railroad station. Go along Station Road to the first stop light. Turn left and go three blocks. Turn right and go two blocks. What is on your right?
3. You are at the Greyhound Bus Station Road on State Street. Go up State Street to Center Street. Turn right and go two blocks. Turn left and go four blocks. What is on your left?


Practice Giving Directions
1. I am on Station Road and Avenue C. How can I get to the Post office?
2.

I am on Avenue B and Broadway Street. Is there a drugstore near here?
3. I am at the Elementary School on Broadway Street. How can I get to the fire station?
4. Excuse me, could you tell me where…is?
5. Can you tell me the way to…?
6. I’m looking for this address. Can you direct me..?
7. What’s the best way to…?








2 TELLING THE PROCCEDURE
Asking for Instructions
How do I …?
What is the best way to…?
How do I go about it..?
What do I suggest …?
How do I suggest I proceed…?
What is the firs step…?

Giving instruction
Sequencing
1 First, (you)…
2 Then, (you)…
3 Next, (you)…
4 Lastly, (you)…

Starting out
1 Before you begin, (you should)…
2 The first thing you do is…
3 I would start by…
4 The best place to begin is…
5 To begin with,
Continuing
1 After that,
2 The next thing you do is…
3 Once you have done that, then…
Finishing
1 The last step is…
2 The last thing you do is…
3 In the end,
4 When you have finished,
5 When you have completed all the steps

This is one clue for you
How to make fried noodles
1 First, put the noodles in the boiling water,
2 Then, put the seasoning and oil while being cooked
3 Next, take out of water, and drain it
4 After that, mix the noodles well, and put some chili sauces if needed
5 Lastly, serve it in a plate with fried onion



• DESCRIBING PERSON

A. do you know who is Jamal
B. Yeah, he is the!!!
A. who is your favorite (singer, movie star, football player…)
A. what does he/she look like…?

A. EYE B. HAIR
a. Slant eyes : sipit a. Bald : gundul
b. Round : bulat b. Egg head : botak
c. Wide : lebar c. Long hair : rambut panjang
d. Blind : buta d. Medium hair : sebahu
e. Cross eyes : juling e. Short hair : rambut pendek
f. Single eye : mata Satu f. Straight : lurus
g. Curve : lentik g. Curly : keriting
h. Brown : coklat h. Wavy : ikal
i. Black : hitam i. Frizzy : kribo
j. Blue : biru j. Black : hitam
k. Brown : coklat
l. Blonde : pirang

C. NOSE D. LIPS
a. Sharp/ Long nose : mancung a. Sensual : sensual
b. Flat nose : pesek b. Hare lip : sumbing
c. Small nose : kecil c. Thick : tebal
d. Big nose : besar d. Wide : lebar
e. Medium : sedang e. Small : small

E. SKIN
a. White : putih f. Rough : kasar
b. Black/dark : hitam g. Pale : pucat
c. Black sweet : itam manis
d. Brown : coklat
e. Smooth : halus




F. BODY G. FACE
a. Tall : tinggi a. Oval : oval
b. Short : pendek b. Round : bundar
c. Medium : sedang c. Long : lonjong
d. Well built : tegap
e. Deaf : tuli d. Square : persegi
f. Hunch backet : bungkuk e. Cute : imut
g. Fat : gemuk f. Pretty : cantik
h. Thin/skinny : kurus g. Ugly : jelek
i. Hairy : berambut i. Handsome : tampan
j. Birth mark : tand lahir
k. Mole : tahi lalat
l. Lame : lumpuh
m. Dimple in cheek : lesun pipih


G. HUMAN’S CHARACTERISTIC/ PERSONALITY

Diligent : rajin Lazy/ Dull : malas
Kind : baik hati Arrogant : sombong
Clever : pintar Unfair : curang
Smart : cerdas Careless : cembrono
Intelligent : cerdik Stingy : pelit
Honest : jujur Impolite : tidak sopan
Polite : sopan Bad temperature : pemarah
Impolite : tidak sopan Cruel : kejam
Humble : rendah hati Rude : kasar
Careful : berhati-hati Spite : bandel
Helpful : dermawan Naughty : nakal
Brave : berani Greedy : rakus
Calm : pendiam Fussy : cerewet
Innocent : lugu Cowardly : penakut
Funny : lucu Extravagant : boros
Wise : bijaksana Silly : dungu
Discipline : disiplin Foolish : tolol
Courtesy : sopan santun Stupid : bodoh


The Easier Ways How to Describe Someone



He/she
Looks
Is
Old
Middle age
Young
Twenties
Fifties Well built
Fat
Medium built
Slim
Thin
Skinny Tall
Medium height
Short











Round
Oval
Long Face
Round small narrow Eyes
Long Straight Black

Medium length Curly Blond
Short Brown





Personality


He/she looks/is Clever
Intelligent
Honest
Silent
Cheerful Kind
Generous
Modest simple
decisive Talk active
Lazy
Arrogant
Coward
selfish


1 Expression opinion and agreement

a. What do you think of your camp? It is beautiful, Clean, good?
b. Well… I think it is good, but it may good clean it everyday
c. I agree with you and everyday must be responsible for keeping it clean.
d. What about the other opinion? Do you absolutely agree with this statement?
e. I agree with you, but…

Asking opinion Giving opinion
Do you think…? I think…
What do you think…? I guess…
What is your opinion about…? In my opinion...
What about…? In my case
How about…? As far as I’m concerned
For me personally
For my point of view

Agreeing
Disagreeing
 I agree with you
 I agree with your opinion
 I approved that
 I think so
 You are right
 That’s true
 Yes, I know what you mean
 Absolutely
 Exactly
 Definitely
 So do I
 Me too  I disagree
 I agree with you, but…
 I don’t think so
 I don’t believe it
 It is not true
 You are kidding
 Yes, but don’t you think…?
 No, definitely not






Strongly agreeing
• You’re perfectly right
• I quite agree with …
• I cannot but agree/I could not agree more
• I accept the idea/proposal/suggestion without reservation
• This idea deserves our endorsement/support
• Precisely
• Exactly
• Absolutely
• I am firmly/entirely/fully/completely/truly in agreement with …
A little agreeing
1 You may be right there
2 That’s true, I suppose
3 I suppose so
4 I basically agree, but …
5 I agree in principle, but …
6 I agree up too a point, but …
7 By and large I would accept your idea, but …
8 With certain reservations, I would support your ….
9 You may be right in saying that, but …
Proposing an agreement

1 It seems we have recognized common view in so far as …
2 I hope we can reach agreement along the following lines …
3 I think that you may share my opinion/view/belief that …
4 Can I take it that we all agree on ….

Mild disagreement
1 That’s not really how I see it
2 I don’t really agree
3 I can’t really go along with you there
4 I think you’re mistaken
5 I’m afraid I can’t agree with you there
6 I don’t quite share your view
7 I would hardly go so far as to say …
8 I’m not totally convinced by your argument
Strong disagreement
1 I’m sorry, that’s out of the question
2 I believe it would be a mistake to …
3 I think you’re wrong
4 Nothing I have heard so far has convinced/persuaded me that …
5 I’, afraid I (totally) have to disagree with you
6 I’m sorry I don’t agree at all
7 I simply can’t agree to this
8 Under no circumstances could I agree to …
9 Of course not
10 I’m decidedly/entirely/wholeheartedly against/opposed to this idea
Providing additional information
1 To shed more light on the situation let me add...
Matter allow me to add…
2 Please allow me to add a word about …
3 Perhaps I should be more specific
4 Without going too much into detail, I should perhaps mention …
5 I think it would be helpful to add/ point out ….

Hedging (waspada)
1 I take your point …, but …
2 I understand what you’re saying …, but …
3 I see/know what you mean, but …
4 I hear where you are coming from on this, but …
5 This interesting issue could perhaps be taken up later
6 I feel a decision at this stage would be premature
7 We should not act in haste on such a key matter
8 I believe the whole issue needs to be looked at more carefully


Do you agree or disagree with your friend’s opinion in the below questions
1. School students should not uniform
2. Smoking at schools should be allowed for students
3. Men may have more than one wife.


• FUTURE PLAN

a. Where are going on your weekend?
b. I plan to go to Popoh beach
c. And what you going to do there?
d. I’m going to spend my weekend with my beloved girl
e. Oh, it’s will be great weekend.

Here are some expression related for asking future plan,
 Are going to continue your study in University?
 I am going to continue to UNP Kediri University
 What are going to do on next week?
 I am going to tidy up my house
 Do you plan to…?
 Yes, I plan to…

THE VOCABULARIES
1 Tomorrow
2 The day after tomorrow
3 Next Sunday
4 Next month
5 Next June
6 One day




1 Requesting / Invitation/ Accepting/ Refusing
REQUEST INVITATION ACCEPTING/REFUSING

 Would you past the salt, please?
 Sure, here you are
 Would you mind opening the window, please?
 sure
 Could I see you for a minute?
 By all means
 Do you mind if I smoke?
 Not at all. go right a head
 Excuse me could you tell me the way to the station?
 Yes it is not far from here
 Would you like to come to the tether this evening?
 Will you join us for lunch?
 Could you come to my party next week?
 Would you be free to come to the concert on next week?  Yes, I’d be great fun
 Yes, I’d love to
 Thank you
 Yes, with pleasure
 That would be great fun
 If you don’t mind
 Thank you, but I’m afraid I’ve got another appointment
 I’m sorry, I’ve lost of work to do
 That’s very kind of you but I’m afraid I’m rather tired up




• DISCUSSION

 Well, my friends. In this occasion I want to express my opinion about ….Well….
 Alright, my brothers and sisters. Let me express my opinion about …..I think…..
 O.K. ladies and gentlemen. According to the expert of religion….why so? Because…
 Well, every body, after listening my friend’s explanation about...I’ve an idea to overcome…firstly…
 I'm happy to be here.
 I'm glad to have this opportunity to . . .
 Today, I'd like to talk (to you) about . . .
 My topic today is . . .
 The focus of my remarks is . . .
 I'd like to share some thoughts on (topic Let me start by . . .
 First, let me tell you about . . .
 I've divided my topic into (three) parts: (They are . . .)
 For instance,
 Let me illustrate,
 To illustrate,
 In conclusion,
 To conclude,
 To summarize,
 To sum up,
 That’s all my opinion about …..And I say thank you very much for your attention. Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb.
 Thus ends my opinion, more or less I do hope my forgiven thank you so much, wass.wr.wb.
 Actually, I want to go on my explanation but because the time is so limited so I have to stop my explanation
 Thank you very much for your attention, was.wr.wb

The vocabularies of discussion
 In this occasion : dalam kesempan ini
 In this good opportunity : dalam kesempatan yang baik ini
 I would like to express : aku akan mengemukakan
 My opinion : pendapat saya
 In my opinion : menurtut pendapat saya
 I’m going to tell you about : saka akan menceritakan tentang
 According to Mr.Alex : menurut Mr. Alex
 Based on this fact : berdasarkan kenyataan ini
 Actually : sebenarnya
 hopefully : mudah mudahan
 I agree with him : saya setuju dengan dia
 Be louder : agak keras
 As we know : seperti yang kita ketahui
 The next : selanjutnya
 The following turn : giliran, selanjutnya
 It’s your turn : ini giliran mu
 Don’t be silent : jangan diam saja
 I admit that : saya mengakhui bahwa
 Don’t be scared! : jangan takut
 Don’t be doubt! : jangan ragu ragu
 Don’t be hesitating! : jangan ragu
 Pay attention please : silakan diperhatikan
 Be quite : tenang
 Don’t disturb me : jangan ganggu aku
 As long as I know : sepanjang yang saya ketahui
 As far as a know : sejahu yang yang ketahui
 As good as possible : sebaik mungkin
 As fair as possible : seadil mungkin
 We have decided : kami telah memutuskan
 The decision is : keputusannya adalah
Interruption
Usually, when someone gives his opinion, there is someone interrupts or cut while speaking. In addition, the speaker is angry because getting interruptions, the following are the correct English interruption. lets learning it together

Menginterupsi Dengan Sopan
• Excuse me,
• Pardon me,
• Sorry to interrupt,
• May I interrupt (for a minute)?
• Can I add something here?
• I don't mean to intrude, but …
• Could I inject something here?
• Do you mind if I jump in here?
Kembali Pada Topik Pembicaraan
• Anyway, - You were saying…
• Now, where was I? - To get back to…
• Where were we? - What we are saying…

• SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
A: Do you think everybody should be trained to use computers?
B: That's an interesting question, because in a sense most of us are already using them.
A: That's the technology which is popular at present, but it's difficult to predict what we'll be using in five or ten years' time.
1 How do you think about this statement? Please give your comments.
2 Which invention would you most like to have invented?
3 . Do you think Science will (a) end the world (b) save the world or (c) do neither?



1 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Internet.
Nowadays almost everyone in the world have had a contact with computers. A great part of them has been using international computer’s net known as Internet.
I think using internet has more advantages then disadvantages. First of all, Internet provides access to a lot of information. Some of them are very useful in your job other helps in your hobby. Searching the net with Google, you can find everything you want. Next advantage of internet is email. Internet mails get in a few seconds in their destinations. It is very important when you want to send something for example to East Timor. Of course you can send not only texts. You can Email, Face book, whatever you want, Movies, Photos, Songs, computer programs etc. Costs are very important advantage of emails. Sending an email is much cheaper then phoning, or sending normal letters. Other advantages are giving information, communication, entertainment, services. The disadvantages are pornography, virus threat, etc...
4 Let’s discuss about these two statements

• Cultural differences
5 What do you know about the advantage and disadvantage of Indonesia culture...?
6 What are the similar and differences with Eastern and Western culture…?
























Popular expression
1 Once in awhile : sesekali
2 Oh, give me break : jangan begitu dong!
3 It was stuck in the traffic jam : lalulintasnya macet
4 Making excuses : mencari cari alas an
5 Please make yourself at home : anggaplah seperti dirumahmu sendiri
6 Small talk/lips service : basa basi
7 Bravo! : bagus/ baik sekali
8 dammit : persetan
9 what a shame : memalukan
10 not fair/ unjust/ partial : tidak adil
11 what a mess : aduh, berantakan bangat
12 fantastic/great : hebat
13 call girl :pelacur
14 baby doll : gadis cantik
15 you’re too much : kamu keterlaluan
16 how satisfying : sangat memuaskan
17 horrible : mengerikan
18 terrible : sangat sulit
19 how peaceful : sungguh damai
20 how daring : berani benar
21 what a blessing : berkat tuhan
22 this is not my custom ; ini bukan kebiasaan
23 on my treat : aku traktir
24 tell it frankly : ceritalah terus terang
25 don’t bother : jangan repot repot
26 please have some more : tambah lagi
27 I change my mind : tidak jadi
28 Don’t fuck with me : jangan main main dengan aku
29 suit yourself : tersera
30 drop in /call at /come over : mampir/ singgah
31 rack off : tidak usah
32 mind your self business : jangan ikut campur
33 stop butting me : jangan ikut campur
34 sticky beak : ingin tahu saja
35 busy body : mau tahu saja
36 have a go : selamat berusaha
37 I’ll steak by you : aku akan mendukungmu
38 I’m steak on you : aku mendukungmu
39 You can count on me : andalkan aku
40 Make up yourself : berusaha lagi
41 I get the air : aku dipecat
42 I’m retired ; aku di PHK
43 Hoddy doddy : orang bodoh/ tidak berarti
44 Body and soul : dua sejoli/ jiwa raga
45 Coward : pengecut
46 Cheeky : kurang ajar
47 Puppy love : cinta monyet
48 Lay a fart : kentut
49 Humble : rendah hati
50 Make me mad : sebel deh
51 Rubbish : gombal
52 Bullshit : buset
53 Little brat : anak nakal
54 You are banana : Bodoh
55 Show off : sok gaya/ sok pintar
56 Hurry up/ will you : cepat dong!
57 Watch out : hati hati
58 Mind your step : awas ! hati hati
59 Trust me : percayalah padaku
60 You’re really something : kamu ada ada sa
61 Top dog : ketua/ director

ALPABETHS
Alphabets are very necessary in writing English a word comes from alphabets and words form of a sentence
Please pronounce these alphabets

A/ei/ B/bi/ C /sie/ D /di/ E/ie/ F ef/ G /jie/ H/eic/ I /ai/

J/jei/ K/kei/ L/el/ M/em/ N/en/ O/ow/ P/pie Q/kyuw

R/a: (r)/ S/es/ T/tie/ U/yuw/ V/vie/ W/dΛbƏyuw/ X/eks/

W/wai/ Z/zed/zie/



Be careful with these pronunciations

A/ei E/i:/ I/ai/ G/jie/ J/jei H/eic/

R/a:/ V/vie/ Y/wai/ Q/kyuw/W/dΛbƏyuw/


COURTESY APOLOGIES
Thank you very much : you’re welcome
Thanks : don’t mention it
Many thanks : that’s Albright
Thank you for everything : no problem
Thanks for your help : it’s alright
Thanks for your kindness : it’s pleasure
Thanks so much : (just smiling)
Tank’s anyway :
I’m grateful : saya berterima kasih I’m sorry for disturbing you
I beg your pardon
Pardon me, please
Pardon!
Sorry!
Excuse me!
Sorry, I regret
Forgive me, please
Sorry, I didn’t mean to do it
I didn’t intend to do it
Would you like to forgive me?
I’ sorry I’ve done many mistakes to you
I apologize to you for my mistakes
I’m sorry for everything




INTRODUCTION OURSELVES INTRODUCTION SOMEONE ELSE

 I want to introduce my self to you all….
 My name is
 From….
 Let me introduce my self to you….
 I would like to let you know myself….
 In this opportunity, I want to introduce my self…
 In this occasion, allow me to introduce myself….
 In this chance, I’m going to introduce myself….
 I would like to introduce my friend to you…
 Ladies and gentlemen, I’ve great pleasure in introducing our guest speaker….
 In this special occasion, I would like to introduce my close friend…
 I would like you to meet my friend….
REQUEST INVITATION ACCEPTING/REFUSING
 Would you past the salt, please?
 Sure, here you are
 Would you mind opening the window, please?
 sure
 Could I see you for a minute?
 By all means
 Do you mind if I smoke?
 Not at all. go right a head
 Excuse me could you tell me the way to the station?
 Yes it is not far from here  Would you like to come to the tether this evening?
 Will you join us for lunch?
 Could you come to my party next week?
 Would you be free to come to the concert on next week?  Yes, I’d be great fun
 Yes, I’d love to
 Thank you
 Yes, with pleasure
 That would be great fun
 If you don’t mind
 Thank you, but I’m afraid I’ve got another appointment
 I’m sorry, I’ve lost of work to do
 That’s very kind of you but I’m afraid I’m rather tired up




Popular expression
• Once in awhile : sesekali
• Oh, give me break : jangan begitu dong!
• It was stuck in the traffic jum: lalulintasnya macet
• Making escuses : mencari cari alas an
• Please make yourself at home : anggaplah seperti dirumahmu sendiri
• Small talk/lips servise : basa basi
• bravo ! : bagus/ baik sekali
• dammit : persetan
• what a shame : memalukan
• not fair/ unjust/ partial : tidak adil
• what a mess : aduh, berantakan bangat
• fantastic/great : hebat
• call girl :pelacur
• baby doll : gadis cantik
• you’re too much : kamu keterlaluan
• how satisfying : sangat memuaskan
• horrible : mengerikan
• terrible : sangat sulit
• how peaceful : sungguh damai
• how daring : berani benar
• what a blessing : berkat tuhan
• this is not my custom ; ini bukan kebiasaan
• on my treat : aku traktir
• tell it frankly : ceritalah terus terang
• don’t bother : jangan repot repot
• please have some more : tambah lagi
• I change my mind : tidak jadi
• Don’t fuck with me : jangan main main dengan aku
• suit yourself : tersera
• drop in /call at /comme over: mampir/ singgah
• rack off : tidak usah
• mind your self businesss : jangan ikut campur
• stop butting me : jangan ikut campur
• sticky beak : ingin tahu saja
• busy body : mau tahu saja
• have a go : selamat berusaha
• I’ll steak by you : aku akan mendukungmu
• I’m steak on you : aku mendukungmu
• You can count on me : andalkan aku
• Make up yourself : berusaha lagi
• I get the air : aku dipecat
• I’m retired ; aku di PHK
• Hoddy doddy : orang bodoh/ tidak berarti
• Body and soul : dua sejoli/ jiwa raga
• Coward : pengecut
• Cheeky : kurang ajar
• Seduce : menggoda/ memperkosa
• Puppy love : cinta monyet
• Lay a fart : kentut
• Worse luck : sialan
• Humble : rendah hati
• Make me mad : sebel deh
• Rubbish : gombal
• Bullshit : buset
• Little brat : anak nakal
• You are banana : Bodoh
• As matter of fact : kenyataannya
• Actually : sebenarnya
• Really : sungguh
• Fancy : bayangkan
• Show off : sok gaya/ sok pintar
• Hurry up/ will you : cepat dong!
• Watch out : hati hati
• Mind your step : awas ! hati hati
• Trust me : percayalah padaku
• You’re really something : kamu ada ada saja
• Take a leak : kencing
• Tied up : sibuk
• Top dog : ketua/ director
• What a bummer : sial bangat
• Go a head : pergi duluan
• Wish me luck : doakan aku berhasil
• I’ll do my best : akan kulakukan yang terbaik
• Of course! : pasti
• Sure! : yakin
• Dizzy! : pusing
• That sound great : kedengarannya enak
• So long : sampai jumpa
• No way! : jelas tidak/ engaklah
• Stealing eyes : curi curi pandang
• Have it your way : lakukan semaumu
• Lick your lips : jaga bahasamu
• Make a play : cari muka
• Just so so : biasa biasa saja
• Get it into line : antri dong
• Willy Nelly : mau ga mau
• Get along with : mempunyai hubungan baik dengan
• Break up : cerai
• Break out : terjadi secara tiba tiba
• Give away : memberiakan secara Cuma Cuma
• It’s nothing personal : itu bukan hal pribadi
• I’m starving : aku lapar sekali
• Going steady : berpacaran




KEYS OF DISCUSSION
 Well, my friends. In this occasion I want to express my opinion about ….Well….
 Alright, my brothers and sisters. Let me express my opinion about …..I think…..
 O.K. ladies and gentlemen. According to the expert of religion….why so? Because…
 Well, every body, after listening my friend’s explanation about...I’ve an idea to overcome…firstly…
 That’s all my opinion about …..And I say thank you very much for your attention. Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb.
• Thus ends my opinion, more or less I do hope my forgiven thank you so much, wass.wr.wb.
 Actually, I want to go on my explanation but because the time is so limited so I have to stop my explanation
 Thank you very much for your attention, was.wr.wb


Keys of discussion
 In this occasion : dalam kesempan ini
 In this good opportunity : dalam kesempatan yang baik ini
 In this valuable time : dalam kesempatan yang berharg ini
 I would like to express : aku akan mengemukakan
 My opinion : pendapat saya
 In my opinion : menurtut pendapat saya
 I’m going to tell you about : saka akan menceritakan tentang
 According to Mr.Alex : menurut Mr. Alex
 Based on this fact : berdasarkan kenyataan ini
 Really : sungguhnya
 Actually : sebenarnya
 frankly : terus terang
 hopefully : mudah mudahan
 I agree to your idea : saya setuju dengan idemu
 I agree with him : saya setuju dengan dia
 It means : itu berarti
 Sincerely : dengan sungguh sungguh/ ikhlas
 Be louder : agak keras
 Be more serious : lebih serius lagi
 Appreciate : menghargai
 Description : gambaran
 This matter : hal ini
 Concerning with : berkenaan dengan
 As we know : seperti yang kita ketahui
 The next : selanjutnya
 The following turn : giliran, selanjutnya
 It’s your turn : ini giliran mu
 Don’t be silent : jangan diam saja
 Dizzy to thing that : pusing memikirkan
 Take it easy : santai saja, jangan pusing pusing
 I admit that : saya mengakhui bahwa
 No use : tidak ada gunanya
 Don’t be scared! : jangan takut
 Don’t be doubt! : jangan ragu ragu
 Don’t be hesitate! : jangan ragu
 Pay attention plase : silakan diperhatikan
 Be quite : tenang
 Coll down, guy! : tenang bung
 Calm down man : tenang bung
 Don’t disturb me : jangan ganggu aku
 As long as I know : sepanjang yang saya ketahui
 As far as a know : sejahu yang yang ketahui
 As good as possible : sebaik mungkin
 As fair as possible : seadil mungkin
 We have decided : kami telah memutuskan
 The decision is : keputusannya adalah
 Be denied : diganggu gugat
 Deliver : menyampaikan
 Be sure! : yakinlah
 Of course : pasti
 You are too much : kamu keterlaluan
 Busy body : ingin tahu aja
 Have a go : selamat berusaha
 Don’t beat about the bush: jangan berbelit belit
 Addition : tambahan
 Meanwhile : sementara itu
 At present : pada saat ini
 Content : isi
 Suitable/ fit : cocok/ sesuai
 Exact/ accurate : tepat
 Accurate, brief,clear : singkat, tepat, jelas
 Don’t mock : jangan menghina
 Don’t look down : jangan meremehkan
 Don’t offend her : jangan menyakiti hatinya
 Nowadays : sekarang ini
 Sometime : suatu waktu
 Sometimes :kadang kadang
 I can’t bear/stand : saya tidak tahan
 That all my opinion : demikianlah pendapat saya
 Finally/ in the end : akhirnya
 Intention : niat/ maksud
 Wish : keinginan
 I apologize to you : saya minta maaf pada kamu
 Possess : memiliki :

GENERAL GREETINGS AND INQUIRIES


How's it going?
How's everything?
How's life? (This means "How are you?" not "Where are you going?")

Asking about present activities
What's up?
What's happening? (What are you doing now?)
Asking and telling about recent events
What's new?
Guess what? (What interesting has happened since I last saw you?)
(I want to tell you something. Ask me about it.)
(The appropriate response to this is "What?")

A: Guess what?
A: I just got a new job. B: What?
B: Congratulations!

Bringing up a serious topic
o Can I talk to you for a minute?
o Do you have a minute?
o Got a minute?

REJOINDERS
Rejoinders are quick responses to show that you are interested or paying attention.
o (Oh) Really?
o That's interesting.
o Is that right?

Note how rejoinders are used in the following situations.
1. I just got a new job.
2. I lost my wallet yesterday. Oh really? That's great!
Oh really? That's too bad.

Rejoinders may also take the form of follow-up questions. Note how they are used in the following situations.
1. I just bought a new car.
2. Johnny is in the hospital.
3. I'm going to Hawaii.
You did?
He is?
You are?
GIVING OPINIONS
Asking for Opinions
What do you think?
o What's your opinion?
o What are your ideas?
o Do you have any thoughts on that?
o How do you feel about that?
Giving Opinions
 I think we should get a new car.
 I don't think we need one.
 I believe (that) smoking should be outlawed.
 I don't believe (that) it should be illegal.
 In my opinion, Gone with the Breeze is the best movie ever made.
 I feel that it's the right thing to do.
I don't feel that it's such a good idea

DISCUSSION
o Well, my friends. In this occasion I want to express my opinion about ….Well….
o Alright, my brothers and sisters. Let me express my opinion about …..I think…..
o O.K. ladies and gentlemen. According to the expert of religion….why so? Because…
o Well, every body, after listening my friend’s explanation about...I’ve an idea to overcome…firstly…
o I'm happy to be here.
o I'm glad to have this opportunity to . . .
o Today, I'd like to talk (to you) about . . .
o My topic today is . . .
o The focus of my remarks is . . .
o I'd like to share some thoughts on (topic Let me start by . . .
o First, let me tell you about . . .
o I've divided my topic into (three) parts: (They are..)
o For instance,
o Let me illustrate,
o To illustrate,
o In conclusion,
o To conclude,
o To summarize,
o To sum up,
o That’s all my opinion about …..And I say thank you very much for your attention. Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb.
o Thus ends my opinion, more or less I do hope my forgiven thank you so much, wass.wr.wb.
o Actually, I want to go on my explanation but because the time is so limited so I have to stop my explanation
o Thank you very much for your attention, was.wr.wb

The vocabularies of discussion
~ In this occasion : dalam kesempan ini
~ In this good opportunity : dalam kesempatan yang baik ini
~ I would like to express : aku akan mengemukakan
~ My opinion : pendapat saya
~ In my opinion : menurtut pendapat saya
~ I’m going to tell you about: saka akan menceritakan tentang
~ According to Mr.Alex : menurut Mr. Alex
~ Based on this fact : berdasarkan kenyataan ini
~ Actually : sebenarnya
~ hopefully : mudah mudahan
~ I agree with him : saya setuju dengan dia
~ Be louder : agak keras
~ As we know : seperti yang kita ketahui
~ The next : selanjutnya
~ The following turn : giliran, selanjutnya
~ It’s your turn : ini giliran mu
~ Don’t be silent : jangan diam saja
~ I admit that : saya mengakhui bahwa
~ Don’t be scared! : jangan takut
~ Don’t be doubt! : jangan ragu ragu
~ Don’t be hesitating! : jangan ragu
~ Pay attention please : silakan diperhatikan
~ Be quite : tenang
~ Don’t disturb me : jangan ganggu aku
~ As long as I know : sepanjang yang saya ketahui
~ As far as a know: sejahu yang yang ketahui
~ As good as possible : sebaik mungkin
~ As fair as possible : seadil mungkin
~ We have decided : kami telah memutuskan
~ The decision is : keputusannya adalah
Interruption
Usually, when someone gives his opinion, there is someone interrupts or cut while speaking. In addition, the speaker is angry because getting interruptions, the following are the correct English interruption. lets learning it together

Menginterupsi Dengan Sopan
 Excuse me,
 Pardon me,
 Sorry to interrupt,
 May I interrupt (for a minute)?
 Can I add something here?
 I don't mean to intrude, but …
 Could I inject something here?
 Do you mind if I jump in here?
Kembali Pada Topik Pembicaraan
 Anyway, - You were saying…
 Now, where was I? - To get back to…
 Where were we? - What we are saying…

AGREEING AND DISAGREEING
Agreeing
o I agree.
o So do I.
o Me too.
Me neither.
I don't either. (Agreeing about a negative idea.)
(Agreeing about a negative idea.)
o You're right.
o That's right.
o Good idea.
o I think that's a good idea.
Disagreeing
o I disagree.
o I don't think so.
o (No.) That's not right.
o Yes, but...
(I'm sorry, but) I don't agree
for these situations
Postive Agreement
If you agree with someone about an opinion, you can simply say "I agree" or "You're right." For example,
A: I think we need more time.
B: I agree. / You're right.
The words "so" and "too" are often used in expressions of positive agreement.
Note that "too" usually comes at the end of the sentence, and "so" at the beginning.
Remember to use "question order" with so.
For example,
A: I'm in a hurry.
B: So am I. / I am too. / Me too.
A: I need to go to the bathroom.
B: So do I. / I do too. / Me too.

Negative Agreement
For negative agreement, use neither in place of "so," and either in place of "too."
For example,
A: I'm not hungry.
B: Neither am I. / I'm not either.*
A: I don't have enough money anyway.
B: Neither do I. / I don't either.*
These expressions can also be used in the second or third person:
They're from Luxembourg.
So are we. / We are too.
Todd doesn't like spaghetti.
Neither does Louise. / Louise doesn't either.*
*Note that neither is used with "positive" verbs and either is used with "negative" verbs.
When no verb is used in negative agreements, "neither" is more common:
Neither do I.
I don't either.
Me neither.

Disagreeing
To express disagreement, you may simply say "I disagree" or "I don't think so." For example,
A: I think John Doe would make a great President.
B: I disagree. / I don't think so.
You may also disagree by stating the opposite opinion, sometimes stressing a word for emphasis.
A: I don't like chocolate ice cream.
B: Well, I do. / Well, I do.
Make simple statements about the following and have a
partner agree or disagree with you. Then switch roles.
1. Talk about today's weather.
2. Say what foods you like best.
3. Tell what you think about smoking.
4. Give an opinion about a current politician.
5. State your ideas about a controversial topic
ASKING FOR DETAILS
Wh- Questions can be used to ask for more information:
 What did you do over the weekend?
 Where did you go for Spring Break?
 How was your trip?
 When did you get back?
 What kind of things did you see?
 Who did you go with?
 How many people were there?
 Whose car did you drive?
When asking for details about a particular item you are considering buying, you can say
 Could you give me some information about this computer?
 Can you give me more details about that CD player?
 Could you tell me about this bookcase?
 What can you tell me about these blenders?
ASKING PERMISSION
Are commonly used for asking permission
o Can I ask you a question?
o May I have a piece of cake?
o Could I get you to turn off the lights

Some other common phrases are
o Do you mind if I smoke?
o Would you mind if I asked you something?
o Is it okay if I sit here?
o Would it be all right if I borrowed your lawn mower?



Giving Permission
o Sure.
o Go ahead.
o No problem.
o Why not
o Don’t worry about it
ASKING FOR AND GIVING ADVICE
Asking for Advice
o What do you think I should do?
o What do you suggest?
o What would you do (in this situation)?
Giving Advice
o I think you should get a lawyer.
o Maybe you should try someplace else.
o Why don't you call the company?
o If I were you, I would tell her.
SEQUENCING
First,
Second,
Third,
Last, First of all,
Then,
Next,
Finally, To begin with,
Then,
Later,
In the end,
HYPOTHETICALLY
 What would you do if . . .
 Suppose . . .
 Imagine . . .
Present Hypothetical
 If I were rich, I would buy a bigger house.
 If I had a bigger house, I would invite my friends over.


Past Hypothetical
 If Jack had been there, he could have prevented the incident.
 If I had seen that movie, I would have cried.

Formal Hypothetical
 Should you have any questions, feel free to contact me.
 Had I been there, I might have been able to help.
MAKING SUGGESTIONS
Here are some phrases and expressions for making suggestions in English.
o I think you should . . .
o I don't think you should . . .
o Why don't you . . .
o Why don't we . . . (do something together)
o Let's . . .


 I think you should buy the blue one.
 I don't think you should sell your car.
 Let's go bowling tonight.
 Why don't we go skiing on Saturday?
 5. Why don't you come with me to China?
 That's a good idea.
 Thanks for the advice, but I really need the money.
 Sorry, I can't. I'm meeting a friend for dinner.
 Sounds like a good idea. Where do you want to go?
 Thanks, but I've already been there.
Conversation Practice
With a partner, practice making suggestions in the following situations:
1. Help your partner decide which item to buy.
2. Warn your partner against doing something.
3. Suggest that your partner change his/her plans.
4. Help your partner make up his/her mind.
5. Suggest doing an activity together.
Sample conversations:
A: Should I buy the Porsche or the Ferrari?
B: I think you should buy the Ferrari.
A: Why is that?
B: Because I'd like to borrow it.
A: Why don't you give Daphne a call?
B: Good idea. I haven't seen her for awhile.
A: Maybe you should ask her out.
B: Hmmm. I'll think about it.

DISCUSSING SENSITIVE TOPICS
Bringing up a sensitive topic
o Can I talk to you for a minute?
o Can I ask you something?
o Do you mind if I ask you something?
o I need to talk to you for a minute.
o I have to tell you something.
o There's something I need to tell you.
o There's something I think you should know.
o We need to talk.
Prefacing a negative subject
o I don't mean to be rude, but . . .
o I hate to tell you this, but . . .
o
I don't know how to tell you this, but . . .
o You might not like what I have to say, but . . .
o I wish I didn't have to tell you this, but . . .
o This may be unpleasant, but . . .
o This may seem blunt, but . . .

ACCEPTING AND REFUSING
Accepting and refusing politely may depend on what you are asked. For example
Would you like some cake?
Yes, please.
Sure. Thanks
Okay. Thank you No, thank you
I'd better not.
No, but thanks for offering.
Would you like to go see a movie?
Okay. Sounds good.
Sure. I'd love to.
Yeah. Good idea No, I'd rather not.
I'm sorry, but I can't.
No, but thanks for inviting me.
How about some more pie?
All right. Thanks
Looks good. Thanks
Don't mind if I do. No, thanks.
I'm really full. Thanks anyway.
Looks delicious, but I'll have to pass.
How about going skiing this weekend?
Great. What time?
Sounds like fun.
All right. When and where? Sorry. I'm busy this weekend.
I don't think I can.
How about some other time?

 Yes, I’d be great fun
 Yes, I’d love to
 Thank you
 Yes, with pleasure
 That would be great fun
 If you don’t mind
 Thank you, but I’m afraid I’ve got another appointment
 I’m sorry, I’ve lost of work to do
 That’s very kind of you but I’m afraid I’m rather tired up




EXPRESSIONS FOR DESCRIPTION
Sentences:
 It is . . .
 This is something . . .
 It's something that you . . .
 You can (verb) it.
 You can (verb) with it.
 You can use it to (verb).
 It is used for V + ing.
 You need it for V + ing.
 You need/use it when . . .
 If you want/need to (verb), then you can . . .
Questions:
 Is it . . . ?
 What do you do with it?
 What is it made of?
 What is it used for?
 What's the difference between A and B?
INDIRECT REQUESTS AND INFORMATION EXCHANGE
Tell someone to do something
Please tell Crissy to clean up her room.
Could you tell Bob to call me?
Tell him not to do that.
Tell someone some information
Can you tell them (that) the party starts at nine?
Please tell Mr. Hopkins (that) I will be late.
Ask someone to do something
Please ask Teresa to give me a call.
Could you ask Russell to be here at five?
Ask someone for some information (Yes or No)
Ask Paula if she is coming to the party.
Could you ask them if they did the homework?
Please ask her whether she finished the assignment.
Ask someone for some information (Open ended)
Ask Randy what he is doing.
Please ask her when she will be here.
Would you ask him what he wants?
Will you ask them how much it costs?

TAG QUESTIONS
Tag questions are used when seeking confirmation of what one believes to be true. They restate, in question form, the previously spoken sentence. For example,
He is an engineer. Isn't he?
They're not from Colorado. Are they?
Zack is really tired. Isn't he?
She is going to Taiwan, isn't she?
You have never been to Las Vegas. Have you?
The Rays are playing the Jays. Aren't they?
You went to the supermarket. Didn't you?
Zane doesn't live in Missouri. Does he?
Ms. Zeller has a new car. Doesn't she? (Positive statement, negative tag)
(Negative statement, positive tag)
(Positive statement, negative tag)
(Positive statement, negative tag)
(Negative statement, positive tag)
(Positive statement, negative tag)
(Positive statement, negative tag)
(Negative statement, positive tag)
(Positive statement, negative tag)

In tag questions, the corresponding pronoun and the first verb of the corresponding yes/no question are used. Also, notice that with positive statements, negative tag questions are used and vice versa. See also:
Common mistakes:
You are the zookeeper. Yes
You're the zookeeper. Aren't you?
You come from Canada. No?
You come from Canada. Don't you?
You're the boss. Are you?
You're the boss. Are you?
Simon is from Singapore. Isn't it?
Simon is from Singapore. Isn't he? (Incorrect)
(Correct)
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
(Incorrect-in most situations)
(Correct)
(Incorrect)
(Correct)

Some modals can be used in tag questions: can, will, would, could, should and must.
Mr. James will be at the ceremony. Won't he?
They couldn't do it. Could they?
Note: When the subject is "I" and the statement is in present tense, aren’t commonly used for tag questions.
I'm the winner. Aren't I?
I'm the winner. Am I not? (Common usage)
(Formal)

ADVERB, CONJUNCTION, ETC (KATA KETERANGAN, KATA PENGHUBUNG DLL)

So So That
Maka, Sehingga Sehingga, Supaya

Thought/Although Nevertheless
Walaupun Demikian Walaupun Demikian

In Spite of This In ThatCase
Kendatipun Demikian Kalau Begitu
Other Wise Even
Kalau Tidak Bahakan

In Fact As A Matter of
Kenyataannya Kenyataannya
Fact Mostly Most of…
Kebanyakan Sebagian Besara Dari

Meanwhile Maybe
Sementara Itu Mungkin
Probably Perhaps
Barangkali Barangkali

At Least At Once
Setidaknya, Sedikitnya Sekaligus
At That Moment Fortunately
Pada Saat Itu Untungnya

Unfortunately Directly
Sayangnya Secara Langsun

In a Little While Suddenly
Sekali-Kali Tiba-Tiba

According To In Accordance With
Menurut Sesuai Dengan
Willingly In Time
Dengan Sepenuh Hati Pada Waktu

On Time Up To Now
Tepat Waktu Sampai Sekarang

Formerly Afterwards
Dulu Setelah Itu

At Last In the End
Akhirnya Akhirnya
Not At All Apart From
Sama Sekali Tidak Selain Dari Pada


Whereas Seemly
Padahal,Sedangkan Ruapnya
Look Like Just By Chance
Pupanya Kebetulan Saja

As If First of All
Seolah-Olah Pertama Kali
Nowadays From Now On
Pada Masa Sekarang Mulai Sekarang

Steadily Occasionally
Terus Menerus Kadang-Kadang
On and Off Once In A While
Kadang-Kadang Sekali-Kali

Every Other Day Generally
Dua Hari Sekali Umumnya
Normally Regularly
Biasanya Secara Tetap

Lately Recently
Akhir-Akhir Ini Baru-Baru Ini
Finally Since
Akhirnya Sejak

Up To Present Time As Yet
Hingga Sekarang Sampai Sekarang
So Far the Whole Day
Hingga Sekarang Sepanjang Harai

When I Was a Child As Soon AsKetika Saya Masih Kecil Secepatnya
Later Two Years Later
Yang Akan Datang 2 Tahun Mendatang

By Next Year by the End of This Year Menjelang Tahun Depan Menjelang Akhir Tahun Ini


COLLECTIVE NOUN (KATA BENDA KUMPULAN)

A Packet of Cigarette A Spoon Of Sugar
Sebungkus rokok sesendok gula
A Fleet of Car A Box of Matches
sederet mobil sekotak korek api

A Bunch of Flower A Glass Of Tea
Seikat bunga segelas teh
A Cup of Coffee A Plate of Rice
secangkir kpi sepiring nasi


A Bottle of Oil A Bowl of Soup
Sebotol minyak semangkok soup
A Basket of Apple A Pinch of Sugar
sekeranjan apel sejimpit gula



A Bar of Chocolate A Place Of Cheese
Sepotong coklat sepotong keju

A Pile Of Clothes A Pair Of Shoes
setumpuk baju sepasang sepatu

A Pair of Glasses A Stem of Flower
Sepasang kaca mata setangkai bunga
A Liter of Gasoline A Kilo of Rambutan
seliter bensin sekilo rambutan

A Ton of Corn A Slice of Bread
Satu ton jagung seiris roti
A Dozen of Glasses A Grain of Corn
selusin gelas sebutir jagung

A Sheet of Paper A Staff of Teacher
Selembar kertas sekelompok guru

A Swarm of Bees An Army of Soldier
segerombolang lebah sepasukan tentara

A Tribe of Native Bonquet of Flower
Sekelompok pribumi serangkai bunga

A Suit Of Clothes A Bundle Of Sticks
satu stel baju sebundel lidi

A Pile Of Stones A Collection F Stamps Setumpuk batu sekoleksi perangko
A Sheet Of Tools A Pack Of Cards
satu set perkakas satu pak kartu

A String Pearls A Band Of Musician sekalung mutiara sekelompk pemusik

A Crowd Of People A Suite Of Furniture sekerumunang orang satu setel mabel

MEETINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

Getting started
Let's get started.
We need to discuss . . .
We need to talk about . . .
Talking about discussion items
The first thing we need to discuss is . . .
The first item on the agenda is . . .
The first thing on the list is . . .
First, we need to talk about . . .
Presenting Options
We have several alternatives:
We have two options:
We could either . . . or . . .
Moving on
Let's move on to Item 2.
Let's move on to the next topic.
We need to move on.
The next item (of business) is . . .
We need to go on to the next item.
Shall/Should we move on?
Stalling the Discussion
Before we move on, I think we should . . .
Wait a minute. We haven't discussed . . .
Don't you think we need to . . .
Not so fast. We haven't (yet) . . .
Asking for Clarification
What do you mean by . . . .
I don't quite follow you.
I didn't get what you meant by . . .
Could you clarify that?
Could you elaborate on that?
Making a Suggestion/Proposal
I think we should . . .
Maybe we should . . .
I suggest . . .
Why don't we . . .
How about . . .
We could . . .
Giving Feedback
(I think) that's a good idea.
You have a good point.
Good idea/point.
I agree.
I disagree. I think . . .
Sorry. I don't agree with you.
You have a good point, but . . .
That's not such a good idea.
I don't think that's a good idea.
Asking for Opinions
What do you think, George?
What's your opinion on that, Martha?
Any thoughts on that?
Any ideas?
Checking for Consensus
Do we all agree (on that)?
Does everyone agree?


Summarizing
In summary,
The conclusion is . . .
So, we've decided to . . .
We're going to . . . (then)
Closing the meeting
That's all for today.
That's it then. (Informal)
The meeting is adjourned. (Very formal)

Idioms expressions
 "A bit" means ___.
a. some thing to eat
b. to help someone
c. a small amount

 "About time" means ___.
a. at the right time
b. soon
c. at last

 "Across the board" means ___.
a. everyone or everything is included
b. to travel between countries
c. uninteresting

 To "act up" means ___.
a. to share an idea
b. to behave badly
c. to pretend to be rich

 A man "after my own heart" means ___.
a. liking the same things as me
b. looks like me
c. follows me

 "Against the clock" means ___.
a. a new record
b. a test of speed or time
c. an impossible task

 "All along" means ___.
a. all the time
b. to agree
c. altogether

 "All hours" means ___.
a. at regular times
b. at irregular times
c. every hour

 "Along in years" means ___.
a. getting old
b. getting tired
c. becoming successful

 "And then some" means ___.
a. not many
b. and only a few
c. and a lot more


 If you are "in the family way", you are ___.
b. popular
c. pregnant
 If it's "in the wind", its ___.
a. imminent
b. lost
 If you are "in the dog house", you are ___.
a. enthusiastic
b. in trouble

 "In the pink" means to be ___.
a. drunk
b. healthy
 To "iron out" means to ___.
a. complete small details
b. make problems
c. plan ahead
 "In toto" means ___.
a. no where
b. something
c. everything
 The "ins and outs" are ___.
a. the small details
b. everyone
c. complications
 If something is "in your hair", it's ___.
a. interesting
b. amusing
c. annoying
 "In hand" means ___.
a. unmanageable
b. under control
c. difficult
 "In the nick of time" means ___.
a. too late
b. on time
c. in time

 My mom really shouted at me for coming home late.
a. gave me elephants
b. gave me evil
c. gave me an earful
 The two cowboys looked at each other and then walked on.
a. egged
b. entered
c. eyeballed

 David is a really excellent golf player.
a. mad
b. modern
c. mean


Slang Words
 My mom really shouted at me for coming home late.
a. gave me elephants
b. gave me evil
c. gave me an earful

 Tom has lost a lot of weight so something must be worrying him.
a. egging
b. eating
c. encouraging
 Wow! This movie is really great.
a. earning
b. easy
c. evil
 The two cowboys looked at each other and then walked on.
a. egged
b. entered
c. eyeballed

 I'm leaving right this minute.
a. I'm hopping.
b. I'm outa here.
c. I'm blue.
 I don't know how he stays calm and relaxed when she shouts like that.
a. ketchups
b. knights
c. keeps his cool

 I really became interested in computers at school.
a. got into
b. gave out to
c. got off on
 I'm sorry, but I just don't understand.
a. get with it
b. go for it
c. get it
 Hurry up and get busy. There is a lot of work to do.
a. Get with it
b. Go for it
c. Go get it
 Let me have a try.
a. gift
b. go
c. geezer
 I've caught you and you can't get away.
a. Golfer
b. Goosey
c. Gotcha
 That car must have cost over twenty thousand dollars.
a. grand
b. grapes
c. guns
 I always look so untidy and unclean after a long airline trip.
a. green
b. grubby
c. geared up
 What does the expression 'hit it off' mean?
• get along with someone or like someone when you first meet them
• to fall in love and get married
• to be very angry with someone
 What does the expression 'tie the knot' mean?
• to propose to someone
• to go on your honeymoon
• to get married
 What does the expression 'puppy love' mean?
• to really like puppies
• to fall in love and get married
• strong feelings between young people/teenagers
 What does the expression 'settle down' mean?
• establish a regular routine after getting married
• to ask someone to marry you
• to fall in love at a young age

Homonyms
 A ___ is an animal.
a. bare
b. bear
 When it ___, it pours.
a. rains
b. reigns
c. reins
 It is dishonest to ___.
a. steal
b. steel
 A ___ is a type of tree.
a. beach
b. beech
 Take me ___ your leader!
a. to
b. too
c. two
 My ___ is naturally curly.
a. hair
b. hare
 The team ___ the playoffs.
a. won
b. one
 The ___ of France is Paris.
a. capital
b. capitol
 Come ___ right this minute!
a. hear
b. here
 A ___ child is called a son.
a. mail
b. male
 A carrot is a ___ vegetable.
a. root
b. route
 Iron is used to produce ___.
a. steal
b. steel
 I am very honored to ___ you.
a. meat
b. meet
 Things are not as they ___.
a. seam
b. seem
 A type of corn is called ___.
a. maize
b. maze
 On the ___, he is a nice person.
a. whole
b. hole
 He ___ better but he did it anyway.
a. knew
b. new
 Always try to buy low and ___ high.
a. sell
b. cell
 Didn't you ___ me when I called you?
a. hear
b. here
 Do you really ___ the money?
a. knead
b. kneed
c. need
 During the summer I work as a tour ___.
a. guide
b. guyed
 I will have a ___ sandwich on rye bread.
a. stake
b. steak
 I told ___ not to go but he would not listen.
a. him
b. hymn
 If you sleep with ___ hair you will catch a cold.
a. wet
b. whet
 I want to ___ you for your delicious meal.
a. complement
b. compliment
 He was not ___ to stay up later than 9:00 at night.
a. allowed
b. aloud
 My son has ___ 10 centimeters since this past summer.
a. groan
b. grown
 The cracks in the ___ were made by the weight of the chandelier.
a. ceiling
b. sealing
 Los Vegas is a great place to ___ but not always a place to win.
a. gamble
b. gambol
 Have you ___ that bread prices will be going up again this week?
a. heard
b. herd
 Every month there is a used clothes ___ at Toji Temple in Kyoto.
a. sail
b. sale
 The signal was very ___ so it was hard to hear the transmission.
a. weak
b. week
 The 50% discount on the brand name sneakers made them a good ___.
a. buy
b. by
c. bye

 The desk was made from a large ___ resting on two filing cabinets.
a. board
b. bored
 The retired couple went on a pleasure ship ___ to the East Indies.
a. crews
b. cruise
 The telephone seems to ___ differently when my mother-in-law calls.
a. ring
b. wring
 The cruise ship named Titanic was the largest to ever sail the ___.
a. sea
b. see
 February is the time of the year that many people get colds and ___.
a. flew
b. flue
c. flu
There is ___ way that I will go with you.
a. know
b. no
 He always wanted to sail the ___.
a. sea
b. see

 I ___ all about it in the morning newspaper.
a. read
b. red

 Make a ___ turn at the next corner and drive two more blocks.
a. right
b. rite
c. Wright
d. write

 For ___ vacation we plan to visit Kansas this year.
a. hour
b. our
 Do you ___ the way to San Jose?
a. know
b. no



PREPARING TO TALK
Recent studies show that speaking in front of a group is by far the greatest fear of most people. It ranks ahead of the fear of dying, riding in an airplane, or failure in other areas of one's personal life.
Unless you are highly unusual, at some time in your life you have talked to a group of people and your knees began shaking, your voice quivered, your head ached, and the only dry place on your body was the inside of your mouth. Then the strange muscle spasms began. One eyelid began to twitch uncontrollably. Your legs felt like soft rubber. And then it happened: Your memory, on its own and for no apparent reason, left you. At this point you promised yourself that you would never get yourself in this situation again.
Although the fear of speaking is common, studies show that one of the most admired qualities in others is their ability to speak in front of a group. Furthermore, other things being equal, the person who can communicate ideas clearly will be more successful. The remainder of this book is directed toward helping you be the kind of speaker others admire—the kind who gets the job done in every speaking situation.

Types of Speaking
There are several types of speaking common in the Air Force. Although most of the same general principles and techniques apply to all types, there are some differences.
◊ Briefing
The best military briefings are concise and factual. Their major purpose is to inform—
tell about a mission, operation, or concept. At times they also direct—enable listeners to perform a procedure or carry out instructions. At other times they advocate or persuade—support a certain solution and lead listeners to accept that solution. For example, a staff officer might want officers at a higher echelon to accept a certain solution. Every good briefing has the virtues of accuracy, brevity, and clarity. These are the ABCs of the briefing. Accuracy and clarity characterize all good speaking, but brevity distinguishes the briefing from other types of speaking. By definition, a briefing is brief, concise, and direct.
◊ Teaching Lecture
Much speaking in the Air Force is directed toward teaching. The lecture is the method of instruction most often used. As the name implies, the primary purpose of a teaching lecture is to teach or to inform students about a given subject. For convenience, teaching

lectures can be divided into the following types: (1) formal lectures, where the communication is generally one-sided with no verbal participation by the students, and (2) informal lectures, usually presented to smaller audiences and allowing for verbal interaction between the instructor and students.
◊ Speech
A speech generally has one of three basic purposes: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. The informative speech is a narration concerning a specific topic but does not involve a sustained effort to teach. Speeches to civic clubs, orientation talks, and presentations at commanders' calls are examples of speeches to inform. The persuasive speech is designed to move an audience to belief or action on some topic, product, or other matter. Recruiting speeches to high school graduating classes, budget defenses, and courts-martial summations are all primarily speeches to persuade. The entertaining speech gives enjoyment to the audience. The speaker often relies on humor and vivid language as a primary means of entertaining the listeners. A speech at a dining-out may be a speech to entertain.

Audience
Talking to hear one's own voice may feed the ego and even cause self-persuasion, but whatever type of speaking you are doing, the goal should be to communicate with others. A basic assumption, then, is that all speaking should be audience-centered. Since speakers have a primary responsibility of adapting the message to the audiences, they need to know as much about their audiences as possible.
◊ Audience Analysis
There are two reliable methods for gaining information about audiences. Used together they can be extremely useful. The first is to organize information you already have about the audience. Knowing such variables as age, sex, rank, and experience can help you relate to the audience. If one or more of these or similar variables separates you from the audience, you may want to give special attention to ways of emphasizing similarities and reducing differences.
The second method, when you have not talked to a particular group before, is to check with someone who has. Perhaps a friend or colleague has already talked to the same group and can tell you what to expect. A local civic club regularly interrupts and heckles guest speakers. Imagine the chagrin of a speaker who is not familiar with this practice and takes the interruption and heckling personally. Granted, this audience behavior is a pretty extreme case and may not be the proper way for an audience to react. Still, it is better to know about such things before one speaks.

◊ Audience Attitude
In the preceding instance, the uninformed speaker might assume wrongly that the audience was hostile. In some instances, you may have to face a hostile audience. An extreme example of a speaker facing a hostile audience is when the President must confront a group of militants on the White House lawn. In such circumstances, the emotions of the audience are so great that effective communication becomes very difficult.
Most likely you will never have to speak to an overly hostile audience, but you may have to speak to one that is mildly hostile either to you or to your ideas. What can you do? Assuming that you are determined to be heard and the audience is willing to give you a chance, hostility can often be overcome. Clearly, your first task as a speaker is to change the audience attitude—if not to friendliness, then at least to a more neutral position. Your chances for success are much greater if you somehow build rapport with your listeners. Often this can be done by using one or more of the following techniques:
• Avoid behaving in a conceited or antagonistic manner.
• Demonstrate a genuine concern for your listeners.
• Exhibit friendliness and warmth toward your listeners
• Emphasize similarities between your listeners and you.
• Be honest and straightforward.
• Use humor that is in good taste, especially if it is at your own expense.
• Indicate your association with people who are held in high esteem by the audience.
• Do not let negative, nonverbal aspects of your behavior contradict what you are saying.
• Demonstrate that you are an expert and have done your homework on the subject
• Refrain from stating the main idea or conclusion at the outset. Present your facts first that you and your listeners agree upon, and then build toward your conclusion.
Most audiences will be friendly. They consist of people who are, for the most part, favorably disposed toward you as a speaker. Most people want you to do a good job. Furthermore, they usually are not in violent disagreement with your point of view. An informative briefing to other members of your organization, a speech to a local civic club, and a teaching lecture in the classroom are examples of speaking before friendly audiences.
◊ Subject
The problem of selecting a subject for a briefing or teaching lecture does not often arise in the ordinary course of Air Force business. You will seldom have to look around for something to talk about. The subjects are implicit in the work of the organization. A staff briefing, for example, arises from the need to communicate certain subject matter. A teaching lecture is given to satisfy a particular curriculum need. On the other hand, a formal speech to persuade, inform, or entertain may provide you with more latitude in selecting the subject.
◊ Selecting the Subject
On some occasions, the subject of your speech will be determined—at least partly—by the group. A local civic club, for instance, may ask you to talk to them about a job, hobby, or community project you are heading up. At other times. the choice of the subject will be left entirely up to you. Almost always, however, you will be free to choose the particular aspect or area of your subject that you wish to emphasize. There are several questions you can ask yourself about the subject or aspect of the subject you choose to talk about:
1. Is this the best subject I can think of? Certainly this is a tough question. But you can answer it more wisely if you consider a number of subjects. As a rule, a carefully selected subject or aspect of the subject chosen after some thought will be a better choice than the ''straw-clutching" effect that characterizes many searches for suitable subjects.
2. Is this a subject that I already know something about and can find more? If not, then perhaps you should search elsewhere. There is no substitute for complete and authoritative knowledge of the subject.
3. Am I interested in the subject? If you are not interested in what you will be talking about, you will find preparation a dull task, and you will have difficulty in capturing the interest of the audience. Talking about a community service project on which you have spent many hours or a new program that you have helped implement on the job is probably much closer to your heart than a subject that you found while searching through a list of suggested topics.
4. Is the subject suitable for my audience? Does it fit their intellectual capacity? Is it a subject that they will be interested in? A subject may be suitable or interesting to an audience if it vitally concerns their well-being, offers solutions to a problem they have, is new or timely, or if there is a conflict of opinion about it.
5. Can the subject or aspect of the subject be discussed adequately in the time I have? One of the greatest problems many speakers have is that they fail to narrow their subject. Because of this problem, they generally do one of two things: (a) they don't adequately cover the subject, or (b) they talk too long. Both results are bad.
◊ Narrowing the Subject
Some subjects are so broad or complex that you cannot possibly do justice to them in a single speech. In ten minutes you cannot tell much about ''Soviet Industry," but perhaps you can adequately cover "The Iron Industry of the Soviet Union" or ''Steel Production in the Urals." Speakers often tackle subjects that are too broad. You can pare a big topic down to size by moving from the general to the specific. The general and abstract topic "Air Power,'' for example, may be successfully narrowed to the more concrete and specific "Combat Radius of the B-52.'' Here are the steps followed in limiting this subject:
• Air Power (much too abstract)
• Military Air Power (not much better)
• The Air Force (a beginning in the right direction)
• Strategic Air Command (a little more specific)
• The B-52 (something concrete)
• Combat Radius of the B-52 (a suitable topic)
Limit your subject in terms of your own interests and qualifications, your listeners' needs and demands, and the time allotted to your speech.
◊ Choosing a Title
The title is a specific label given to the speech—an advertising slogan or catchword that catches the spirit of the speech and tantalizes the potential audience. Generally, the exact phrasing of the title is not decided until the speech has been built. At other times it may come to mind as you work on the speech. At still other times it may come early and guide your planning. An effective title should be relevant, provocative, and brief.
Listeners do not like to be misled. If the speech has to do with communication, then some reference to communication should be in the title. On the other hand, don't include words in the title merely to get attention if they have no relevance to the speech itself. "The Eleventh Commandment'' is a relevant title for a speech that addresses the fact that the commandment of "Thou shall not get caught" has seemed to replace some of the other commandments. "A Pat on the Back, A Punch in the Mouth" is certainly a more provocative title than "How Positive and Negative Reinforcement Affects Our Children." "You Cannot Not Communicate" is briefer and more provocative than "The Impossibility of Failing to Communicate."
Although the preceding three titles are all rather catchy, some-times the direct approach is very effective. Consider the very descriptive title given earlier, "Combat Radius of the B-52." A speech or lecture on effective listening might simply be titled ''Effective Listening.'' Both of these titles are relevant, provocative (due to the subject matter itself), and brief.
◊ Objectives
The purposes for speaking—informative, persuasive, entertaining—are important. But the general responses and specific responses you expect from the talks you give are also significant.
◊ General Responses
The purposes of speaking suggest the general kinds of responses desired from the audience. An informative presentation seeks audience understanding. A persuasive presentation seeks a change in beliefs, attitudes, or behavior. An entertaining presentation seeks to divert, amuse, or, in some other way, cause listeners to enjoy themselves.
◊ Specific Responses
In addition to the three broad purposes or aims, there are more specific purposes, sometimes referred to as goals or objectives, of speaking. An effective oral presentation has immediate and specific objectives stated in terms of what is expected from the listeners. These specific objectives fall within the broader purposes of information, persuasion, or entertainment. The objectives do not state what the speaker is to do. Rather they tell what the speaker wishes the audience to understand, believe, feel, do, or enjoy. The following examples illustrate the relationship between subjects, general purposes, and specific objectives:

1. Subject: From Iowa to the Air Force
Purpose: To entertain
Objective: For listeners to enjoy the humor of a young man from lowa
making the transition from an lowa farm to the Air Force
2. Subject: You cannot not communicate
Purpose: To inform
Objective: For listeners to understand that we are constantly
communicating verbally and nonverbally
3. Subject: Equality for all
Purpose: To persuade
Objective: For listeners to dedicate themselves anew to the principle of racial and social equality for all


◊ Gathering Material
With the general purpose and specific objective in mind, you are ready to gather material on the subject. The source for this material should be your own experience or the experience of others gained through conversation, interviews, and written or observed material. You may often draw from all these sources in a single presentation.
◊ Self
The first step in researching an oral presenta-
tion is the assembly of all the personal knowledge you have about the subject. A self-inventory may suggest a tentative organization; but, even more important, it will point up gaps in knowledge where you need to do further research.
◊ Others
The second step in the research process is to draw on the experience of others. People who are interested in the subject provide many ideas during the course of conversation. The most fruitful source, of course, is the expert. Experts help you clarify your thinking, provide facts, and suggest good sources for further research. Their suggestions for further sources can enable you to narrow your search without having to investigate a large bulk of material.
◊ Library
The third step is library research. Modem libraries provide us with an abundance of sources—books, newspapers, popular magazines, scholarly journals, abstracts, subject files, microfilms. You must constantly be concerned with the accuracy and relevance of the material. Using material printed in 1950 to understand television today would probably lead to inaccurate, irrelevant conclusions.
◊ Evaluating Material
The next step in the research process is to evaluate the material gathered. You will probably find that you have enough material for several presentations. If you haven't already begun to organize the presentation, you will want to do so. Next you will want to select the best kinds of support for the points you wish to make. Then you will want to prepare a good beginning and ending for the talk.
Talking about your background
• Originally I’m from….
• I was (born and) brought up in…
• I come from a (sporty/musical) family.
• My proudest moment was…-ing
• I’ve always dreamt of –ing/ wanted to +verb
Describing your language ability
• I’m fluent in Polish.
• I speak Spanish reasonably well.
• I can get by in Portuguese.
• I speak French but it is a bit rusty.
• I know a few words of Japanese.
• I wish I could speak Italian.
like, such as, and that sort of thing
• I like music such as opera, choral music, and classical music.
• I really love modern music like house, rap, reggae, and hip hop.
After one or two examples, we can use an expression meaning ‘et cetera’.
• I’m fond of opera, and that sort of thing.
• I like jazz, rock, and that sort of thing.
Showing a lot of interest
o Wow!
o Really?
o (That’s) interesting!
o (That’s) fantastic



Asking Turns in Conversations

English hesitation strategies
Directing conversations
Look at these expressions for directing conversation in a formal situation, like a business meeting. Put them into three groups:
A including quiet people
B stopping interruptions
C keeping the conversation to the point
• What’s your opinion, Sam?
• May I continue?
• Let me finish.
• Shall we continue?
• Let’s go back to the point.
• You haven’t said anything yet, Sam.
• Do you want to add anything here?
• I haven’t finished my point.
• Please allow me to finish.
• Does anyone want to say anything before we move on?
Control strategies
Conversation is a turn-taking process and it is more difficult when there are several people in a conversation. In different cultures there are different standards for interrupting and turn-taking, however there are also a few universal points that apply to most situations.
.
1. The speaker can choose the next speaker. You can stop someone dominating the conversation, and you can include quieter people.
2. You can stop someone interrupting by avoiding eye contact with them, and continuing eye contact with your partner in the conversation. Don’t drop the volume of your speech (i.e. don’t begin to speak more quietly).
3. If someone interrupts you, and you haven’t finished making your point, tell them clearly. You can use phrases like:
Let me finish / May I finish?
Excuse me, I haven’t finished.
Just a moment / Hang on a second.
o When someone won’t stop talking, and you are not interested in what they are saying, you can avoid eye contact, turn away or look at something else. Do not use conversation fillers.
o
Basic Debating Skills.
________________________________________
Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more;
Or close the wall up with our English dead.
In peace there's nothing so becomes a man
As modest stillness and humility:
But when the blast of war blows in our ears,
You know your places: God be with you all!

CONCEPT: A DEBATE.
A debate is, basically, an argument. That is not to say that it is an undisciplined shouting match between parties that passionately believe in a particular point of view. In fact the opposite is true. Debating has strict rules of conduct and quite sophisticated arguing techniques and you will often be in a position where you will have to argue the opposite of what you believe in.
Easier - A debate is a discussion between sides with different views. Persons speak for or against something before making a decision.

Harder - Two thousand years ago, citizens of Athens held regularly scheduled public assemblies. Peoples' votes determined the policies and actions of the state. Citizens decided whether Athens went to war and how it fought. They created the laws that impacted their daily life. But the votes were always preceded by debates where citizens and leaders argued about the right choices, what was morally and legally right, the best way to achieve a desired outcome, and what was possible and prudent.

Debates are a means of encouraging critical thinking, personal expression, and tolerance of others' opinions. Today, debate still remains essential to democracy. Debates are conducted in governing assemblies, held in lecture halls and public arenas, presented in schools and universities, written in newspaper and magazine columns, heard on radio, or seen on the television. Like our predecessors in ancient Greece, people argue about what is best for their societies and shape the course of law, policy, and action.

CONCEPT: THE TOPIC.
If a debate is a form of argument then it logically follows that there must be something to argue about. This is called the TOPIC. The topic changes from debate to debate. They are often about current issues of public importance ("That Canberra should have self government") or about general philosophies or ideas ("That beauty is better than brains"). All topics begin with the word "That". As in other arguments there are two sides to any topic. The team that agrees with the topic is called the AFFIRMATIVE (or the `government' in parliamentary debating) and the team that disagrees with the topic is called the NEGATIVE (or the `opposition' in parliamentary debating). When organizing a debate it is important to select a topic that is appropriate to the age and education of the debaters concerned. Often topics will cover areas that the debaters have a specific interest in or, in the case of schools debates, that have been covered in classes or are current news items.
DEFINITION.

If a debate is going to take place then it must be agreed in advance what the debate is going to be about. Thus it must be agreed what the topic means. This may seem obvious in a topic like "That Canberra should have self government" but with something like "That a cabbage is better than a rose" is might not be so clear. Deciding and explaining what a topic means is called `defining the topic'. The job of defining begins with the AFFIRMATIVE. The first speaker of the affirmative must explain in clear terms what they believe the topic means. In deciding this affirmative team should always try to use the "person on the street" test. That is if this topic were presented to the average person on the street - is this what they would take it to mean. Where the topic is too obscure to allow this test then apply the `reasonability' test. The affirmative team should ask themselves "Is this definition reasonable? Is it something the average person might expect? Does it allow for both sides of the debate?". If you can answer yes to these questions then the definition is probably reasonable, if not search for something more reasonable. Try to avoid the dictionary, except in cases where you don't understand a word. In your definition explain the meaning of the whole topic rather than each separate word.
The negative team may agree with or choose to challenge the definition presented. The negative team should be very careful about challenging as it is difficult to continue the debate with two definitions. Challenges may be made if the definition given is unreasonable or if it defines the opposition out of the debate. If the negative team chooses to challenge the definition it should be done by the first speaker who should clearly outline why the negative is challenging and then propose a better definition.
TEAM LINE.
Because debating is a team event it is important that the three speakers work together as a team. The TEAM LINE is the basic statement of "why the topic is true" (for the affirmative) and "why the topic is false" (for the negative). It should be a short sentence, presented by the first speaker of each team and used by the other two speakers to enforce the idea of teamwork.
RULES: THE ROLES OF THE SPEAKERS.
In a debating team each speaker has specified roles that they must fulfill to play their part in the team. They are laid out below in the order that the speakers will speak.
1st Affirmative must:
- define the topic.
- present the affirmative's team line.
- outline briefly what each speaker in their team will talk about.
- present the first half of the affirmative case.
1st negative must:
- accept or reject the definition. If you don't do this it is assumed that you accept the definition.
- present the negative team line.
- outline briefly what each of the negative speakers will say.
- rebut a few of the main points of the first affirmative speaker.
- The 1st negative should spend about one quarter of their time rebutting.
- present the first half of the negative team's case.
2nd affirmative must:
- reaffirm the affirmative’s team line.
- rebut the main points presented by the 1st negative.
- the 2nd affirmative should spend about one third of their time rebutting.
- present the second half of the affirmative's case.
2nd negative must:
- reaffirm the negative's team line.
- rebut some of the main points of the affirmative's case.
- the 2nd negative should spend about one third of their time rebutting.
- present the second half of the negative's case.
3rd affirmative must:
- reaffirm the affirmative's team line.
- rebut all the remaining points of the negative's case.
- The 3rd affirmative should spend about two thirds to three quarters of their time rebutting.
- present a summary of the affirmative's case.
- Round off the debate for the affirmative.
3rd negative must:
- reaffirm the negative's team line.
- rebut all the remaining points of the affirmative's case.
- the 3rd negative should spend about two thirds to three quarters of their time rebutting.
- present a summary of the negative's case.
- round off the debate for the negative.
Neither third speaker may introduce any new parts of their team's cases.
REBUTTAL.
In debating each team will present points in favour of their case. They will also spend some time criticising the arguments presented by the other team. This is called rebuttal. There are a few things to remember about rebuttal.
1. Logic - to say that the other side is wrong is not enough. You have to show why the other side is wrong. This is best done by taking a main point of the other side's argument and showing that it does not make sense. Because a lot of the thinking for this needs to be done quickly this is one of the most challenging and enjoyable aspects of debating.
2. Pick the important points - try to rebut the most important points of the other side's case. You will find that after a while these are easier and easier to spot. One obvious spot to find them is when the first speaker of the other team outlines briefly what the rest of the team will say. But do not rebut those points until after they have actually been presented by the other team.
3. `Play the ball' - do not criticize the individual speakers, criticize what they say. To call someone fat, ugly or a nerd does not make what they say wrong and it will also lose you marks.


TECHNIQUES: THE INDIVIDUAL SPEAKER.
There are many techniques that each speaker can use in their speech but there are three main areas that you will be marked on and they are matter, method and manner.
CONCEPT: MATTER.
Matter is what you say; it is the substance of your speech. You should divide your matter into arguments and examples.
An argument is a statement "The topic is true (or false depending on which side you are on) because of x", where the argument fills in for the x . For example in the topic "That the zoos should be closed" an argument may be: "the zoos should be closed because they confine the animals in an unnatural environment".
An example is a fact or piece of evidence which supports an argument. If our argument is: "that zoos should be closed because they confine the animals in an unnatural environment" then an example might be: "that in the lion cage at Taronga Park Zoo in Sydney the animals only have about 200 square meters where in the wild they would have 2000 square kilometers to roam in.".
Any examples that you use should be relevant to the topic at hand. Examples which have very little or nothing to do with the topic only make a speech look weak and lacking substance.
Matter cannot be just a long list of examples. You do not win a debate by creating the biggest pile of facts. Facts are like bricks in a wall, if you don't use them, cement them together properly then they are useless. Similarly you cannot win a debate solely by proving that some of the facts of the opposition are wrong. It may weaken their case a little, the same way that removing some of the bricks from a wall will, but you really need to attack the main arguments that the other side presents to bring the whole wall crashing down.
Many debates are on currently important issues so it is good for any debater to keep themselves informed of what is happening in the world around them and what are the issues involved. Watching the news helps (but watch a credible broadcast like the ABC , you are hardly likely to get a topic on some heartwarming story about a lost cat in western Sydney) as does reading a good paper or periodical like the Canberra Times or the Sydney Morning Herald.
CONCEPT: METHOD.
Where matter is what you say method is how you organize what you say. There are many delicious pieces of the method pie; here are a few tantalizing crumbs.......
1. TEAM.
Good team method involves unity and logic. Unity is created by all members being aware of the definition, what the other speakers have said and what the team line is. Each member of the team needs to reinforce the team line and be consistent with what has already been said and what will be said by the other members of their team. You may as well shoot yourself in the foot as change the team line mid debate just because you think it isn't working. Your team will look poorly organized and will be severely penalized by the adjudicator.
2. INDIVIDUAL.
You must structure your own speech well. The first step is to have a clear idea of your own arguments and which examples you will be using to support those arguments. As you speak make a clear division between arguments and let the audience know when you are moving from one argument to the next, this is called sign posting and is a very important debating tool. The key thing to remember is that although you know exactly what you are saying the audience has never heard it before and will only hear it once so you have to be very clear about it.
When you are presenting one particular argument make sure that the argument is logical (makes sense) and that you make clear links between your team line and the argument, and between the argument and the examples that you will use to support it.
Rebuttal should be organized the same way. Attack each argument that the opposition presents in turn. Spend a little while on each and then move on to the next. That way the other team's case is completely demolished.
Also organize your speech well in terms of time. Adjudicators can pick up when you are waffling just to fill in time .... and can see when you've spent too long on one point and then have to rush through all your other points and rebuttal just to finish your speech in time. Whew!! You will probably make a few mistakes with this early on but practice makes perfect.

CONCEPT: MANNER.
Manner is how you present what you say and there are various aspects of manner that you need to be aware of. There is no one prescribed way of presenting your argument. It is not true, no matter what Paul Keating thinks, that the best way of being convincing is to shout and thump on the table. The best advice you can get is to develop a manner style that is natural to you. Here are some tips and pointers.

1. CUE CARDS.
Do not write out your speech on cue cards. There is even a current, and indeed deplorable, trend towards computer generated cue cards. Debating is an exercise in lively interaction between two teams and between the teams and the audience, not in reading a speech. Use cue cards the same way you would use a prompt it a play, they are there for reference if you lose your spot. You can tell when someone is reading.. remember the television announcements by the politicians in the recent ACT elections?
2 EYE CONTACT.
Is very closely related to cue cards. If you look at the audience you will hold their attention. If you spend your time reading from cue cards or looking at a point just above the audience's head they will lose concentration very quickly. When you've got them by the eyeballs their hearts and minds will follow.
3 VOICE
There are many things you can do with your voice to make it effective. You must project so that you can be heard but 4 minutes of constant shouting will become very annoying very quickly. (Like a butcher shouting out the daily specials). Use volume, pitch and speed to emphasize important points in your speech. A sudden loud burst will grab your audience's attention while a period of quiet speaking can draw your audience in and make them listen carefully.
4. BODY.
"Work it baby, work it!". (Although any other links between the movie Pretty Woman and debating end here ! Your body is a tool for you to use. Make hand gestures deliberately and with confidence (a fine example of someone who can't is that idiot on the Canberra Toyota ads at the moment). Move your head and upper body to maintain eye contact with all members of the audience (although automatically moving your head from side to side makes the adjudicator want to pop a ping-pong ball in there). If you want to walk up and down do so but move with effect and deliberately, don't wear worry lines into the carpet. If you are going to stand still, stand with confidence. Don't let your body apologize for your presence by appearing nervous.
5. NERVOUS HABITS.
Avoid them like the plague. Playing with your cue cards, pulling on a stray strand of hair, fiddling with your watch, bouncing up and down on the balls of your feet or bouncing your cue cards off the nose of the nearest audience member as you are finished with them only distracts from your presentation. Use your whole person to effect, don't let any one thing detract from your ability to persuade the audience.
6. ELOCUTION AND OTHER BIG WORDS.
This is not an exercise in grammar or elocution. Try to avoid being too informal but don't go overboard the other way. There are no marks to be gained from trying to use big words you don't understand or can't pronounce. In the same way it is a huge mistake to let someone else writes your speech. People that do that aren't entering the spirit or developing the skills of debating and end up looking really silly getting stuck on a word they just can't say.
________________________________________

Daftar “Isi”
- In the bathroom
- In the bed room
- Body signal
- Body
- In the kitchen
- In the class
- Vocation
- Etc


IN THE BATH ROOM

 Tooth paste ; Pasta gigi
 Tooth brush ; Sikat gigi
 Soap ; Sabun
 Basket ; Keranjang
 Towel ; Handuk
 Toilet tissue ; Tisu toilet
 Dipper ; Gayung
 Shampoo ; Sampo
 Water ; Air
 Take a shower ; Mandi
 Dry ; Menjemur
 Take a bath ; Mandi
 Detergent ; Deterjen
 Tap ; Kran
 Soap dish ; Ember
 Wipe ; Mengelap
 Wash ; Mencuci
 Rinse the mouth ; Berkumur
 Iron ; Setrika
 Well ; Sumur, Mata air
 Soak ; Merendam
 Pipe ; Pipa
 Bleach ; Pemutih
 Bath mat ; Keset kamar mandi
 Drain the tub ; Menguras bak mandi
 Water pump ; Pompa air
 Washing brush ; Sikat cuci
 Wash one’s hear ; Keramas
 Take a ritual ablution ; Wudlu



IN THE BED ROOM

 Pillow ; Bantal
 Carpet ; Karpet
 Mirror ; Cermin
 Glass ; Kaca
 Cotton ; Kapas, Kain kapas
 Bed ; Tempat tidur
 Divan ; Ranjang tidur
 Blanket ; Selimut
 Bed caver ; Seprei
 Bolster ; Guling
 Comb ; Sisir
 Wake up ; Bangun
 Stay up ; Begadang
 Imagine ; Berhayal
 Hope ; Berharap
 Dance ; Menari
 Dream ; Bermimpi
 Fold up ; Melipat
 Ribbon / Tape ; Pita
 Grooming ; Dandan
 Sleep ; Tidur
 Lay fart ; Buang angin
 Sing ; Menyanyi
 Pile up ; Melamun
 Embrace ; Memeluk
 Tidy up ; Merapikan
 Lie down ; Berbaring
 Bed room ; Kamar tidur
 Window ; Jendela
 Talk in the sleep ; Mengigau


BODY SIGNAL

 Taste ; Merasakan, Mencicipi
 Kick ; Menendang
 Leap ; Lompatan
 Look ; Melihat
 Yawn ; Menguap
 Talk ; Berbicara
 Squat ; Berjongkok
 Sneeze ; Bersin
 Wink ; Berkedip
 Starting ; Menatap
 Look up ; Mendongak
 Suck ; Menghisap
 Lick ; Menjilat
 Wave ; Lambaian
 Big hand ; Tepuk tangan
 Jump ; Melompat
 Turn around ; Menoleh
 Round up ; Menggaruk
 Crooked ; Membungkuk
 Spittle ; Meludah
 Bite ; Mengigit
 Pinch ; Mencubit
 Swallow ; Menelan
 Chew ; Mengunyah
 Hiccup ; Cegukan
 Shake head ; Bergeleng
 Loiter ; Keliaran
 Mumble ; Banyak omong
 Stand on tiptoes ; Jinjit



BODY

 Head ; Kepala
 Hair ; Rambut
 Ear ; Telinga
 Face ; Muka / Wajah
 Neck ; Leher
 Chin ; Dagu
 Cheek ; Pipi
 Lips ; Bibir
 Eye ; Mata
 Eyelid ; Kelopak mata
 Eyelash ; Bulu mata
 Eyeball ; Bola mata
 Eyebrow ; Alis mata
 Nose ; Hidung
 Mouth ; Mulut
 Tongue ; Lidah
 Tooth ; Gigi
 Jaw ; Rahang
 Beard ; Janggut
 Gum ; Gusi
 Molar ; Geraham
 Dimple ; Lesung pipi
 Tear ; Air mata
 Chest ; Dada
 Novel ; Pusar
 Hip ; Pinggul
 Waist ; Pinggang
 Back ; Punggung
 Foot ; Kaki
 Arm ; Lengan


IN THE KITCHEN

 Kitchen ; Dapur
 Stove ; Kompor
 Plate ; Piring
 Pan ; Panci
 Match, Lighter ; Korek api
 Fork ; Garpu
 Bowl ; Mangkok
 Glass ; Gelas
 Cup ; Cangkir
 Bottle ; Botol
 Candle ; Lilin
 Refrigerator ; Lemari es
 Knife ; Pisau
 Cabinet ; Lemari kecil
 Sink ; Bak cuci piring
 Dining table ; Meja makan
 Gas stove ; Kompor gas
 Frying pan ; Wajan
 Rice cooker ; Penanak nasi
 Chopper ; Pisau rajang
 Bamboo Steamer ; Kukusan
 Chopping block ; Papan rajang
 Spice container ; Tempat bumbu
 Thermos ; Termos
 Grater ; Parut
 Wall cupboard ; Lemari dinding
 Grinder ; Alat penggiling
 Mixer ; Alat pengaduk
 Toaster ; Pemanggang
 LPG ; Liquid Petroleum Gas / Isi ulang gas /


IN THE CLASS

 Tourism place ; Tempat wisata
 Waterfall ; Air terjun
 Mountain ; Gunung
 Guide ; Pemandu
 Sea ; Laut
 Ship ; Kapal
 Temple ; Candi
 Museum ; Musium
 Holiday ; Liburan
 Beach ; Pantai
 Spend ; Menghabiskan
 Enjoy ; Menikmati
 Enjoyment ; Kenikmatan
 Island ; Pulau
 Lake ; Danau
 Cave ; Gua
 Coral ; Batu karang
 Seashore ; Tepi laut
 Scenery ; Pemandangan
 Spring water ; Mata air
 Weir ; Bendungan
 Wave ; Ombak
 Stream ; Sungai kecil
 Storm ; Badai
 Spring air ; Mata angin
 Cruise ship ; Kapal pesiar
 Fishing boat ; Kapal nelayan
 Fisherman ; Nelayan
 Sail ; Berlayar
 Sea rover ; Bajak laut


Vocation

 Flag ; Bendera
 Clock ; Jam
 Uniform ; Seragam
 Bench ; Kursi panjang
 Desk ; Meja
 Chair ; Kursi
 Chalk ; Kapur
 Eraser ; Penghapus
 Blackboard ; Papan tulis
 Bag ; Tas
 Book ; Buku
 Map ; Peta
 Glue ; Lem
 Pins ; Penjepit
 Belt ; Sabuk
 Water color ; Cat air
 Pencil ; Pensil
 Paper ; Kertas
 Note book ; Buku catatn
 Hall ; Aula
 Crayon ; Pensil warna
 Classroom ; Ruang kelas
 Bell ; Lonceng
 Ruler ; Penggaris
 Signboard ; Papan nama
 Canteen ; Kantin
 Compass ; Jangka
 Flagpole ; Tiang bendera
 Brush ; Kuas
 Tie ; Dasi
 Microscope ; Mikroskop


 Study / Learn ; Belajar
 Practice ; Praktis
 Ask ; Bertanya, Meminta
 Some times ; Kadang - kadang
 Drop by ; Mampir
 Determine ; Menentukan, Menetapkan
 Catch ; Menangkap, Tangkapan, Mengejar
 Tease ; Menggoda
 Gold digger ; Mata duitan
 Match maker ; Mak comblang
 Keep doing ; Selalu
 Shut up ; Diam
 Disturb ; Mengganggu
 Forked ; Simpang lima
 Gambling ; Judi
 More and less ; Kurang lebih
 Dependence ; Ketergantungan
 Based on ; Yang di dasarkan pada
 Postpone ; Menunda, Menangguhkan
 Pregnant ; Hamil
 Deny ;Menyangkal
 Hide ; Bersembunyi, Menyembunyikan
 Hite ; Benci
 Beat ; Berdebar
 Cooperation ; Kerjasama
 Acquire ; Mendapat, Memperoleh
 Intention ; Kehendak, Maksud
 Health ; Kesehatan
 Find out ; Menemukan
 Pay ; Penjual
 Sell ; Pembeli
 Customer ; Pelanggan
 State ; Menyatakan, Negara bagian
 Influence ; Pengaruh, Mempengaruhi
 Effect ; Dampak
 Responsible ; Bertanggung jawab
 Shine ; Terang
 Stay ; Tinggal
 Respond ; Menjawab, Bereaksi
 Repeat ; Mengulang
 Resist ; Lapisan pelindung
 Report ; Laporan
 Surprise ; Kejutan
 Save ; Menyimpan
 Better ; Lebih baik
 Worse ; Lebuh buruk
 Zeal ; Semangat
 Wait ; Menunggu
 Similar ; Mirip
 Important ; Penting
 Move ; Geser
 Cancel ; Membatalkan
 Different ; Berbeda, Lain
 Choose ; Memilih
 Refuse ; Menolak, Menampik, Sampah
 Accompany ; Menemani
 Receive ; Menerima, Mendapat
 Take ; Ambil, Mengambil
 Custom ; Kebiasaan, Adat
 During ; Selama, Pada waktu
 Lock ; Mengunci
 Healthy ; Sehat
 Private ; Pribadi
 Quiet ; Tenang
 Raw ; Mentah, Kasar
 Bright ; Terang, Cemerlang, Cerdas, Riang
 Win ; Pemenang
 Dark ; Gelap
 Spread ; Menyebarkan, Penyebaran
 Serve ; Melayani
 Company ; Perusahaan
 Wise ; Bijaksana
 Chose ; Memilih
 Change ; Merubah
 Same ; Sama
 Differentiate ; Membedakan
 Bring ; Membawa
 Push ; Mendorong, Dorongan
 Devote ; Mempersembahkan
 Admit ; Mengakui
 Accuse ; Menuduh, Menyalahkan
 Apply for ; Melamar ( Job / Kerja )
 Accent ; Logat
 Stimulate ; Merangsang, Memberi semangat
 Rather ; Agak, Cukup, Lebih baik
 Arrange ; Mengatur, Merencanakan, Menyetujui
 Point ; Petunjuk, Ujung
 Operator ; Operator
 Look after ; Merawat
 Take away ; Mengantar
 Climb ; Memanjat, Mendaki, Menaiki
 Between ; Antara
 Consist of ; Terdiri dari
 Glad ; Gembira
 Happen ; Terjadi
 Expect ; Membuktikan
 Scholarship ; Beasiswa
 Kind ; Baik hati
 Meet ; Bertemu
 Treat ; Mentraktir
 Use ; Menggunakan
 Friendly ; Ramah tamah
 Impolite ; Tidak sopan
 Fact ; Fakta, Kenyataan
 Angry ; Marah
 Patient ; Sabar
 Nervous ; Grogi
 Suitable ; Cocok
 Arrogant ; Sombong
 Prove ; Membuktikan
 Skill ; Kemampuan
 Mistake ; Kesalahan
 Afraid ; Takut
 Utilize ; Memanfaatkan
 Damp ; Kelembapan
 Pale ; Pucat, Menjadi pucat
 Fair ; Adil
 Easy ; Mudah
 Difficult ; Sulit
 Think ; Berpikir
 Secret ; Rahasia
 Wish ; Harapan, Keinginan, Mengharap
 In front of ; Di depan
 By the way ; Ngomong - ngomong
 Actually ; Sebenarnya
 For about ; Kira - kira
 Soon ; Segera
 Unfortunately ; Sayangnya
 Really ; Sungguh
 Of course ; Tentu, Pasti
 Expert ; Ahli
 Exist ; Ada, Hidup
 Confused ; Bingung
 Give up ; Menyerah
 Try ; Mencoba
 Keep ; Menjaga
 Send ; Mengirim
 Deliver ;Menyampaikan
 Share ; Bagian, Mambagi
 Respect ; Hormat, Menghormati
 Approach ; Mendekati
 Just now ; Barusan
 Arrive ; Tiba
 Advise ; Menasehati
 Apologize ; Minta maaf
 Advice ; Nasehat
 Make a date ; Pacaran
 Explain ; Menjelaskan
 Entertain ; Hiburan
 Examine ; Menguji
 Fight ; Berkelahi
 Hope ; Berharap
 Form ; Bentuk, Membentuk
 Forgive ; Memaafkan
 Guess ; Menerka, Perkiraan, Taksiran
 Steal ; Mencuri
 Hide ; Bersembunyi, Menyembunyikan
 Gather ; Berkumpul, Mengumpulkan
 Thief ; Pencuri, Maling
 Pick pocket ; Pencopet
 There is / are ; Ada
 Taste ; Rasa, Merasakan
 Trust ; Mempercayai
 Ugly ; Jelek, Buruk
 Useful ; Berguna
 Turn ; Belok
 Use less ; Menggunakan lebih sedikit
 Wing ; sayap
 Wood ; Kayu
 Swing ; Berayun
 Voice ; Suara
 Elect ; Memilih
 Force ; Memaksa, Paksaan
 Tame ; Jinak, Menjinakkan
 Value ; Nilai
 Without ; Tanpa
 Remember ; Ingat, Mengingat
 Remind ; Mengingatkan
 Raise ; Menaikan, Mengangkat







ADVERB, CONJUNCTION, ETC (KATA KETERANGAN, KATA PENGHUBUNG DLL)

So So That
Maka, Sehingga Sehingga, Supaya

Thought/Although Nevertheless
Walaupun Demikian Walaupun Demikian

In Spite of This In ThatCase
Kendatipun Demikian Kalau Begitu
Other Wise Even
Kalau Tidak Bahakan

In Fact As A Matter of
Kenyataannya Kenyataannya

Fact Mostly Most of…
Kebanyakan Sebagian Besara Dari

Meanwhile Maybe
Sementara Itu Mungkin

Probably Perhaps
Barangkali Barangkali

At Least At Once
Setidaknya, Sedikitnya Sekaligus

At That Moment Fortunately
Pada Saat Itu Untungnya

Unfortunately Directly
Sayangnya Secara Langsun

In a Little While Suddenly
Sekali-Kali Tiba-Tiba

According To In Accordance With
Menurut Sesuai Dengan
Willingly In Time
Dengan Sepenuh Hati Pada Waktu

On Time Up To Now
Tepat Waktu Sampai Sekarang

Formerly Afterwards
Dulu Setelah Itu

At Last In the End
Akhirnya Akhirnya

Not At All Apart From
Sama Sekali Tidak Selain Dari Pada

Whereas Seemly
Padahal,Sedangkan Ruapnya
Look Like Just By Chance
Pupanya Kebetulan Saja

As If First of All
Seolah-Olah Pertama Kali

Nowadays From Now On
Pada Masa Sekarang Mulai Sekarang

Steadily Occasionally
Terus Menerus Kadang-Kadang
On and Off Once In A While
Kadang-Kadang Sekali-Kali

Every Other Day Generally
Dua Hari Sekali Umumnya

Normally Regularly
Biasanya Secara Tetap

Lately Recently
Akhir-Akhir Ini Baru-Baru Ini
Finally Since
Akhirnya Sejak

Up To Present Time As Yet
Hingga Sekarang Sampai Sekarang

So Far the Whole Day
Hingga Sekarang Sepanjang Harai

When I Was a Child As Soon AsKetika Saya Masih Kecil Secepatnya
Later Two Years Later
Yang Akan Datang 2 Tahun Mendatang

By Next Year by the End of This Year
Menjelang Tahun Depan Menjelang Akhir Tahun Ini


COLLECTIVE NOUN (KATA BENDA KUMPULAN)

A Packet of Cigarette A Spoon Of Sugar
Sebungkus rokok sesendok gula

A Fleet of Car A Box of Matches
sederet mobil sekotak korek api

A Bunch of Flower A Glass Of Tea
Seikat bunga segelas teh

A Cup of Coffee A Plate of Rice
secangkir kpi sepiring nasi


A Bottle of Oil A Bowl of Soup
Sebotol minyak semangkok soup

A Basket of Apple A Pinch of Sugar
sekeranjan apel sejimpit gula

A Bar of Chocolate A Place Of Cheese
Sepotong coklat sepotong keju

A Pile Of Clothes A Pair Of Shoes
setumpuk baju sepasang sepatu

A Pair of Glasses A Stem of Flower
Sepasang kaca mata setangkai bunga

A Liter of Gasoline A Kilo of Rambutan
seliter bensin sekilo rambutan


A Ton of Corn A Slice of Bread
Satu ton jagung seiris roti
A Dozen of Glasses A Grain of Corn
selusin gelas sebutir jagung

A Sheet of Paper A Staff of Teacher
Selembar kertas sekelompok guru

A Swarm of Bees An Army of Soldier
segerombolang lebah sepasukan tentara

A Tribe of Native Bonquet of Flower
Sekelompok pribumi serangkai bunga

A Suit Of Clothes A Bundle Of Sticks
satu stel baju sebundel lidi

A Pile Of Stones A Collection F Stamps
Setumpuk batu sekoleksi perangko
A Sheet Of Tools A Pack Of Cards
satu set perkakas satu pak kartu

A String Pearls A Band Of Musician
sekalung mutiara sekelompk pemusik

A Crowd Of People A Suite Of Furniture
sekerumunang orang satu setel mabel


MEETINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

Getting started
Let's get started.
We need to discuss . . .
We need to talk about . . .
Talking about discussion items
The first thing we need to discuss is . . .
The first item on the agenda is . . .
The first thing on the list is . . .
First, we need to talk about . . .
Presenting Options
We have several alternatives:
We have two options:
We could either . . . or . . .
Moving on
Let's move on to Item 2.
Let's move on to the next topic.
We need to move on.
The next item (of business) is . . .
We need to go on to the next item.
Shall/Should we move on?
Stalling the Discussion
Before we move on, I think we should . . .
Wait a minute. We haven't discussed . . .
Don't you think we need to . . .
Not so fast. We haven't (yet) . . .
Asking for Clarification
What do you mean by . . . .
I don't quite follow you.
I didn't get what you meant by . . .
Could you clarify that?
Could you elaborate on that?
Making a Suggestion/Proposal
I think we should . . .
Maybe we should . . .
I suggest . . .
Why don't we . . .
How about . . .
We could . . .
Giving Feedback
(I think) that's a good idea.
You have a good point.
Good idea/point.
I agree.
I disagree. I think . . .
Sorry. I don't agree with you.
You have a good point, but . . .
That's not such a good idea.
I don't think that's a good idea.

Asking for Opinions
What do you think, George?
What's your opinion on that, Martha?
Any thoughts on that?
Any ideas?
Checking for Consensus
Do we all agree (on that)?
Does everyone agree?

Summarizing
In summary,
The conclusion is . . .
So, we've decided to . . .
We're going to . . . (then)
Closing the meeting
That's all for today.
That's it then. (Informal)
The meeting is adjourned. (Very formal)
IDIOMS EXPRESSIONS
 "A bit" means ___.
a. some thing to eat
b. to help someone
c. a small amount

 "About time" means ___.
a. at the right time
b. soon
c. at last

 "Across the board" means ___.
a. everyone or everything is included
b. to travel between countries
c. uninteresting

 To "act up" means ___.
a. to share an idea
b. to behave badly
c. to pretend to be rich

 A man "after my own heart" means ___.
a. liking the same things as me
b. looks like me
c. follows me

 "Against the clock" means ___.
a. a new record
b. a test of speed or time
c. an impossible task

 "All along" means ___.
a. all the time
b. to agree
c. altogether

 "All hours" means ___.
a. at regular times
b. at irregular times
c. every hour

 "Along in years" means ___.
a. getting old
b. getting tired
c. becoming successful

 "And then some" means ___.
a. not many
b. and only a few
c. and a lot more
 If you are "in the family way", you are ___.
b. popular
c. pregnant
 If it's "in the wind", its ___.
a. imminent
b. lost
 If you are "in the dog house", you are ___.
a. enthusiastic
b. in trouble

 "In the pink" means to be ___.
a. drunk
b. healthy
 To "iron out" means to ___.
a. complete small details
b. make problems
c. plan ahead
 "In toto" means ___.
a. no where
b. something
c. everything
 The "ins and outs" are ___.
a. the small details
b. everyone
c. complications
 If something is "in your hair", it's ___.
a. interesting
b. amusing
c. annoying
 "In hand" means ___.
a. unmanageable
b. under control
c. difficult
 "In the nick of time" means ___.
a. too late
b. on time
c. in time

 My mom really shouted at me for coming home late.
a. gave me elephants
b. gave me evil
c. gave me an earful
 The two cowboys looked at each other and then walked on.
a. egged
b. entered
c. eyeballed

 David is a really excellent golf player.
a. mad
b. modern
c. mean

SLANG WORDS
 My mom really shouted at me for coming home late.
a. gave me elephants
b. gave me evil
c. gave me an earful

 Tom has lost a lot of weight so something must be worrying him.
a. egging
b. eating
c. encouraging
 Wow! This movie is really great.
a. earning
b. easy
c. evil
 The two cowboys looked at each other and then walked on.
a. egged
b. entered
c. eyeballed

 I'm leaving right this minute.
a. I'm hopping.
b. I'm outa here.
c. I'm blue.
 I don't know how he stays calm and relaxed when she shouts like that.
a. ketchups
b. knights
c. keeps his cool

 I really became interested in computers at school.
a. got into
b. gave out to
c. got off on
 I'm sorry, but I just don't understand.
a. get with it
b. go for it
c. get it
 Hurry up and get busy. There is a lot of work to do.
a. Get with it
b. Go for it
c. Go get it
 Let me have a try.
a. gift
b. go
c. geezer
 I've caught you and you can't get away.
a. Golfer
b. Goosey
c. Gotcha
 That car must have cost over twenty thousand dollars.
a. grand
b. grapes
c. guns
 I always look so untidy and unclean after a long airline trip.
a. green
b. grubby
c. geared up
 What does the expression 'hit it off' mean?
• get along with someone or like someone when you first meet them
• to fall in love and get married
• to be very angry with someone
 What does the expression 'tie the knot' mean?
• to propose to someone
• to go on your honeymoon
• to get married
 What does the expression 'puppy love' mean?
• to really like puppies
• to fall in love and get married
• strong feelings between young people/teenagers
 What does the expression 'settle down' mean?
• establish a regular routine after getting married
• to ask someone to marry you
• to fall in love at a young age

HOMONYMS
 A ___ is an animal.
a. bare
b. bear
 When it ___, it pours.
a. rains
b. reigns
c. reins
 It is dishonest to ___.
a. steal
b. steel
 A ___ is a type of tree.
a. beach
b. beech
 Take me ___ your leader!
a. to
b. too
c. two
 My ___ is naturally curly.
a. hair
b. hare
 The team ___ the playoffs.
a. won
b. one
 The ___ of France is Paris.
a. capital
b. capitol
 Come ___ right this minute!
a. hear
b. here
 A ___ child is called a son.
a. mail
b. male
 A carrot is a ___ vegetable.
a. root
b. route
 Iron is used to produce ___.
a. steal
b. steel
 I am very honored to ___ you.
a. meat
b. meet
 Things are not as they ___.
a. seam
b. seem
 A type of corn is called ___.
a. maize
b. maze
 On the ___, he is a nice person.
a. whole
b. hole
 He ___ better but he did it anyway.
a. knew
b. new
 Always try to buy low and ___ high.
a. sell
b. cell
 Didn't you ___ me when I called you?
a. hear
b. here
 Do you really ___ the money?
a. knead
b. kneed
c. need
 During the summer I work as a tour ___.
a. guide
b. guyed
 I will have a ___ sandwich on rye bread.
a. stake
b. steak
 I told ___ not to go but he would not listen.
a. him
b. hymn
 If you sleep with ___ hair you will catch a cold.
a. wet
b. whet
 I want to ___ you for your delicious meal.
a. complement
b. compliment
 He was not ___ to stay up later than 9:00 at night.
a. allowed
b. aloud
 My son has ___ 10 centimeters since this past summer.
a. groan
b. grown
 The cracks in the ___ were made by the weight of the chandelier.
a. ceiling
b. sealing
 Los Vegas is a great place to ___ but not always a place to win.
a. gamble
b. gambol
 Have you ___ that bread prices will be going up again this week?
a. heard
b. herd
 Every month there is a used clothes ___ at Toji Temple in Kyoto.
a. sail
b. sale
 The signal was very ___ so it was hard to hear the transmission.
a. weak
b. week
 The 50% discount on the brand name sneakers made them a good ___.
a. buy
b. by
c. bye

 The desk was made from a large ___ resting on two filing cabinets.
a. board
b. bored
 The retired couple went on a pleasure ship ___ to the East Indies.
a. crews
b. cruise
 The telephone seems to ___ differently when my mother-in-law calls.
a. ring
b. wring
 The cruise ship named Titanic was the largest to ever sail the ___.
a. sea
b. see
 February is the time of the year that many people get colds and ___.
a. flew
b. flue
c. flu
There is ___ way that I will go with you.
a. know
b. no
 He always wanted to sail the ___.
a. sea
b. see

 I ___ all about it in the morning newspaper.
a. read
b. red

 Make a ___ turn at the next corner and drive two more blocks.
a. right
b. rite
c. Wright
d. write

 For ___ vacation we plan to visit Kansas this year.
a. hour
b. our
 Do you ___ the way to San Jose?
a. know
b. no




PREPARING TO TALK
Recent studies show that speaking in front of a group is by far the greatest fear of most people. It ranks ahead of the fear of dying, riding in an airplane, or failure in other areas of one's personal life.
Unless you are highly unusual, at some time in your life you have talked to a group of people and your knees began shaking, your voice quivered, your head ached, and the only dry place on your body was the inside of your mouth. Then the strange muscle spasms began. One eyelid began to twitch uncontrollably. Your legs felt like soft rubber. And then it happened: Your memory, on its own and for no apparent reason, left you. At this point you promised yourself that you would never get yourself in this situation again.
Although the fear of speaking is common, studies show that one of the most admired qualities in others is their ability to speak in front of a group. Furthermore, other things being equal, the person who can communicate ideas clearly will be more successful. The remainder of this book is directed toward helping you be the kind of speaker others admire—the kind who gets the job done in every speaking situation.
Types of Speaking
There are several types of speaking common in the Air Force. Although most of the same general principles and techniques apply to all types, there are some differences.
◊ Briefing
The best military briefings are concise and factual. Their major purpose is to inform—
tell about a mission, operation, or concept. At times they also direct—enable listeners to perform a procedure or carry out instructions. At other times they advocate or persuade—support a certain solution and lead listeners to accept that solution. For example, a staff officer might want officers at a higher echelon to accept a certain solution. Every good briefing has the virtues of accuracy, brevity, and clarity. These are the ABCs of the briefing. Accuracy and clarity characterize all good speaking, but brevity distinguishes the briefing from other types of speaking. By definition, a briefing is brief, concise, and direct.
◊ Teaching Lecture
Much speaking in the Air Force is directed toward teaching. The lecture is the method of instruction most often used. As the name implies, the primary purpose of a teaching lecture is to teach or to inform students about a given subject. For convenience, teaching

lectures can be divided into the following types: (1) formal lectures, where the communication is generally one-sided with no verbal participation by the students, and (2) informal lectures, usually presented to smaller audiences and allowing for verbal interaction between the instructor and students.
◊ Speech
A speech generally has one of three basic purposes: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. The informative speech is a narration concerning a specific topic but does not involve a sustained effort to teach. Speeches to civic clubs, orientation talks, and presentations at commanders' calls are examples of speeches to inform. The persuasive speech is designed to move an audience to belief or action on some topic, product, or other matter. Recruiting speeches to high school graduating classes, budget defenses, and courts-martial summations are all primarily speeches to persuade. The entertaining speech gives enjoyment to the audience. The speaker often relies on humor and vivid language as a primary means of entertaining the listeners. A speech at a dining-out may be a speech to entertain.
Audience
Talking to hear one's own voice may feed the ego and even cause self-persuasion, but whatever type of speaking you are doing, the goal should be to communicate with others. A basic assumption, then, is that all speaking should be audience-centered. Since speakers have a primary responsibility of adapting the message to the audiences, they need to know as much about their audiences as possible.
◊ Audience Analysis
There are two reliable methods for gaining information about audiences. Used together they can be extremely useful. The first is to organize information you already have about the audience. Knowing such variables as age, sex, rank, and experience can help you relate to the audience. If one or more of these or similar variables separates you from the audience, you may want to give special attention to ways of emphasizing similarities and reducing differences.
The second method, when you have not talked to a particular group before, is to check with someone who has. Perhaps a friend or colleague has already talked to the same group and can tell you what to expect. A local civic club regularly interrupts and heckles guest speakers. Imagine the chagrin of a speaker who is not familiar with this practice and takes the interruption and heckling personally. Granted, this audience behavior is a pretty extreme case and may not be the proper way for an audience to react. Still, it is better to know about such things before one speaks.

◊ Audience Attitude
In the preceding instance, the uninformed speaker might assume wrongly that the audience was hostile. In some instances, you may have to face a hostile audience. An extreme example of a speaker facing a hostile audience is when the President must confront a group of militants on the White House lawn. In such circumstances, the emotions of the audience are so great that effective communication becomes very difficult.
Most likely you will never have to speak to an overly hostile audience, but you may have to speak to one that is mildly hostile either to you or to your ideas. What can you do? Assuming that you are determined to be heard and the audience is willing to give you a chance, hostility can often be overcome. Clearly, your first task as a speaker is to change the audience attitude—if not to friendliness, then at least to a more neutral position. Your chances for success are much greater if you somehow build rapport with your listeners. Often this can be done by using one or more of the following techniques:
• Avoid behaving in a conceited or antagonistic manner.
• Demonstrate a genuine concern for your listeners.
• Exhibit friendliness and warmth toward your listeners
• Emphasize similarities between your listeners and you.
• Be honest and straightforward.
• Use humor that is in good taste, especially if it is at your own expense.
• Indicate your association with people who are held in high esteem by the audience.
• Do not let negative, nonverbal aspects of your behavior contradict what you are saying.
• Demonstrate that you are an expert and have done your homework on the subject
• Refrain from stating the main idea or conclusion at the outset. Present your facts first that you and your listeners agree upon, and then build toward your conclusion.
Most audiences will be friendly. They consist of people who are, for the most part, favorably disposed toward you as a speaker. Most people want you to do a good job. Furthermore, they usually are not in violent disagreement with your point of view. An informative briefing to other members of your organization, a speech to a local civic club, and a teaching lecture in the classroom are examples of speaking before friendly audiences.
◊ Subject
The problem of selecting a subject for a briefing or teaching lecture does not often arise in the ordinary course of Air Force business. You will seldom have to look around for something to talk about. The subjects are implicit in the work of the organization. A staff briefing, for example, arises from the need to communicate certain subject matter. A teaching lecture is given to satisfy a particular curriculum need. On the other hand, a formal speech to persuade, inform, or entertain may provide you with more latitude in selecting the subject.

◊ Selecting the Subject
On some occasions, the subject of your speech will be determined—at least partly—by the group. A local civic club, for instance, may ask you to talk to them about a job, hobby, or community project you are heading up. At other times. the choice of the subject will be left entirely up to you. Almost always, however, you will be free to choose the particular aspect or area of your subject that you wish to emphasize. There are several questions you can ask yourself about the subject or aspect of the subject you choose to talk about:
1. Is this the best subject I can think of? Certainly this is a tough question. But you can answer it more wisely if you consider a number of subjects. As a rule, a carefully selected subject or aspect of the subject chosen after some thought will be a better choice than the ''straw-clutching" effect that characterizes many searches for suitable subjects.
2. Is this a subject that I already know something about and can find more? If not, then perhaps you should search elsewhere. There is no substitute for complete and authoritative knowledge of the subject.
3. Am I interested in the subject? If you are not interested in what you will be talking about, you will find preparation a dull task, and you will have difficulty in capturing the interest of the audience. Talking about a community service project on which you have spent many hours or a new program that you have helped implement on the job is probably much closer to your heart than a subject that you found while searching through a list of suggested topics.
4. Is the subject suitable for my audience? Does it fit their intellectual capacity? Is it a subject that they will be interested in? A subject may be suitable or interesting to an audience if it vitally concerns their well-being, offers solutions to a problem they have, is new or timely, or if there is a conflict of opinion about it.
5. Can the subject or aspect of the subject be discussed adequately in the time I have? One of the greatest problems many speakers have is that they fail to narrow their subject. Because of this problem, they generally do one of two things: (a) they don't adequately cover the subject, or (b) they talk too long. Both results are bad.
◊ Narrowing the Subject
Some subjects are so broad or complex that you cannot possibly do justice to them in a single speech. In ten minutes you cannot tell much about ''Soviet Industry," but perhaps you can adequately cover "The Iron Industry of the Soviet Union" or ''Steel Production in the Urals." Speakers often tackle subjects that are too broad. You can pare a big topic down to size by moving from the general to the specific. The general and abstract topic "Air Power,'' for example, may be successfully narrowed to the more concrete and specific "Combat Radius of the B-52.'' Here are the steps followed in limiting this subject:
• Air Power (much too abstract)
• Military Air Power (not much better)
• The Air Force (a beginning in the right direction)
• Strategic Air Command (a little more specific)
• The B-52 (something concrete)
• Combat Radius of the B-52 (a suitable topic)
Limit your subject in terms of your own interests and qualifications, your listeners' needs and demands, and the time allotted to your speech.
◊ Choosing a Title
The title is a specific label given to the speech—an advertising slogan or catchword that catches the spirit of the speech and tantalizes the potential audience. Generally, the exact phrasing of the title is not decided until the speech has been built. At other times it may come to mind as you work on the speech. At still other times it may come early and guide your planning. An effective title should be relevant, provocative, and brief.
Listeners do not like to be misled. If the speech has to do with communication, then some reference to communication should be in the title. On the other hand, don't include words in the title merely to get attention if they have no relevance to the speech itself. "The Eleventh Commandment'' is a relevant title for a speech that addresses the fact that the commandment of "Thou shall not get caught" has seemed to replace some of the other commandments. "A Pat on the Back, A Punch in the Mouth" is certainly a more provocative title than "How Positive and Negative Reinforcement Affects Our Children." "You Cannot Not Communicate" is briefer and more provocative than "The Impossibility of Failing to Communicate."
Although the preceding three titles are all rather catchy, some-times the direct approach is very effective. Consider the very descriptive title given earlier, "Combat Radius of the B-52." A speech or lecture on effective listening might simply be titled ''Effective Listening.'' Both of these titles are relevant, provocative (due to the subject matter itself), and brief.

◊ Objectives
The purposes for speaking—informative, persuasive, entertaining—are important. But the general responses and specific responses you expect from the talks you give are also significant.
◊ General Responses
The purposes of speaking suggest the general kinds of responses desired from the audience. An informative presentation seeks audience understanding. A persuasive presentation seeks a change in beliefs, attitudes, or behavior. An entertaining presentation seeks to divert, amuse, or, in some other way, cause listeners to enjoy themselves.
◊ Specific Responses
In addition to the three broad purposes or aims, there are more specific purposes, sometimes referred to as goals or objectives, of speaking. An effective oral presentation has immediate and specific objectives stated in terms of what is expected from the listeners. These specific objectives fall within the broader purposes of information, persuasion, or entertainment. The objectives do not state what the speaker is to do. Rather they tell what the speaker wishes the audience to understand, believe, feel, do, or enjoy. The following examples illustrate the relationship between subjects, general purposes, and specific objectives:
1. Subject: From Iowa to the Air Force
Purpose: To entertain
Objective: For listeners to enjoy the humor of a young man from lowa
making the transition from an lowa farm to the Air Force
2. Subject: You cannot not communicate
Purpose: To inform
Objective: For listeners to understand that we are constantly
communicating verbally and nonverbally
3. Subject: Equality for all
Purpose: To persuade
Objective: For listeners to dedicate themselves anew to the principle of racial and social equality for all


◊ Gathering Material
With the general purpose and specific objective in mind, you are ready to gather material on the subject. The source for this material should be your own experience or the experience of others gained through conversation, interviews, and written or observed material. You may often draw from all these sources in a single presentation.
◊ Self
The first step in researching an oral presenta-
tion is the assembly of all the personal knowledge you have about the subject. A self-inventory may suggest a tentative organization; but, even more important, it will point up gaps in knowledge where you need to do further research.
◊ Others
The second step in the research process is to draw on the experience of others. People who are interested in the subject provide many ideas during the course of conversation. The most fruitful source, of course, is the expert. Experts help you clarify your thinking, provide facts, and suggest good sources for further research. Their suggestions for further sources can enable you to narrow your search without having to investigate a large bulk of material.
◊ Library
The third step is library research. Modem libraries provide us with an abundance of sources—books, newspapers, popular magazines, scholarly journals, abstracts, subject files, microfilms. You must constantly be concerned with the accuracy and relevance of the material. Using material printed in 1950 to understand television today would probably lead to inaccurate, irrelevant conclusions.
◊ Evaluating Material
The next step in the research process is to evaluate the material gathered. You will probably find that you have enough material for several presentations. If you haven't already begun to organize the presentation, you will want to do so. Next you will want to select the best kinds of support for the points you wish to make. Then you will want to prepare a good beginning and ending for the talk.
Talking about your background
• Originally I’m from….
• I was (born and) brought up in…
• I come from a (sporty/musical) family.
• My proudest moment was…-ing
• I’ve always dreamt of –ing/ wanted to +verb
Describing your language ability
• I’m fluent in Polish.
• I speak Spanish reasonably well.
• I can get by in Portuguese.
• I speak French but it is a bit rusty.
• I know a few words of Japanese.
• I wish I could speak Italian.
like, such as, and that sort of thing
• I like music such as opera, choral music, and classical music.
• I really love modern music like house, rap, reggae, and hip hop.
After one or two examples, we can use an expression meaning ‘et cetera’.
• I’m fond of opera, and that sort of thing.
• I like jazz, rock, and that sort of thing.
Showing a lot of interest
o Wow!
o Really?
o (That’s) interesting!
o (That’s) fantastic

Asking Turns in Conversations

English hesitation strategies
Directing conversations
Look at these expressions for directing conversation in a formal situation, like a business meeting. Put them into three groups:
A including quiet people
B stopping interruptions
C keeping the conversation to the point
• What’s your opinion, Sam?
• May I continue?
• Let me finish.
• Shall we continue?
• Let’s go back to the point.
• You haven’t said anything yet, Sam.
• Do you want to add anything here?
• I haven’t finished my point.
• Please allow me to finish.
• Does anyone want to say anything before we move on?
Control strategies
Conversation is a turn-taking process and it is more difficult when there are several people in a conversation. In different cultures there are different standards for interrupting and turn-taking, however there are also a few universal points that apply to most situations.
.
0. The speaker can choose the next speaker. You can stop someone dominating the conversation, and you can include quieter people.
0. You can stop someone interrupting by avoiding eye contact with them, and continuing eye contact with your partner in the conversation. Don’t drop the volume of your speech (i.e. don’t begin to speak more quietly).
0. If someone interrupts you, and you haven’t finished making your point, tell them clearly. You can use phrases like:
Let me finish / May I finish?
Excuse me, I haven’t finished.
Just a moment / Hang on a second.
o When someone won’t stop talking, and you are not interested in what they are saying, you can avoid eye contact, turn away or look at something else. Do not use conversation fillers.



Basic Debating Skills.
________________________________________
Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more;
Or close the wall up with our English dead.
In peace there's nothing so becomes a man
As modest stillness and humility:
But when the blast of war blows in our ears,
You know your places: God be with you all!

CONCEPT: A DEBATE.
A debate is, basically, an argument. That is not to say that it is an undisciplined shouting match between parties that passionately believe in a particular point of view. In fact the opposite is true. Debating has strict rules of conduct and quite sophisticated arguing techniques and you will often be in a position where you will have to argue the opposite of what you believe in.
Easier - A debate is a discussion between sides with different views. Persons speak for or against something before making a decision.

Harder - Two thousand years ago, citizens of Athens held regularly scheduled public assemblies. Peoples' votes determined the policies and actions of the state. Citizens decided whether Athens went to war and how it fought. They created the laws that impacted their daily life. But the votes were always preceded by debates where citizens and leaders argued about the right choices, what was morally and legally right, the best way to achieve a desired outcome, and what was possible and prudent.

Debates are a means of encouraging critical thinking, personal expression, and tolerance of others' opinions. Today, debate still remains essential to democracy. Debates are conducted in governing assemblies, held in lecture halls and public arenas, presented in schools and universities, written in newspaper and magazine columns, heard on radio, or seen on the television. Like our predecessors in ancient Greece, people argue about what is best for their societies and shape the course of law, policy, and action.

CONCEPT: THE TOPIC.
If a debate is a form of argument then it logically follows that there must be something to argue about. This is called the TOPIC. The topic changes from debate to debate. They are often about current issues of public importance ("That Canberra should have self government") or about general philosophies or ideas ("That beauty is better than brains"). All topics begin with the word "That". As in other arguments there are two sides to any topic. The team that agrees with the topic is called the AFFIRMATIVE (or the `government' in parliamentary debating) and the team that disagrees with the topic is called the NEGATIVE (or the `opposition' in parliamentary debating). When organizing a debate it is important to select a topic that is appropriate to the age and education of the debaters concerned. Often topics will cover areas that the debaters have a specific interest in or, in the case of schools debates, that have been covered in classes or are current news items.
DEFINITION.
If a debate is going to take place then it must be agreed in advance what the debate is going to be about. Thus it must be agreed what the topic means. This may seem obvious in a topic like "That Canberra should have self government" but with something like "That a cabbage is better than a rose" is might not be so clear. Deciding and explaining what a topic means is called `defining the topic'. The job of defining begins with the AFFIRMATIVE. The first speaker of the affirmative must explain in clear terms what they believe the topic means. In deciding this affirmative team should always try to use the "person on the street" test. That is if this topic were presented to the average person on the street - is this what they would take it to mean. Where the topic is too obscure to allow this test then apply the `reasonability' test. The affirmative team should ask themselves "Is this definition reasonable? Is it something the average person might expect? Does it allow for both sides of the debate?". If you can answer yes to these questions then the definition is probably reasonable, if not search for something more reasonable. Try to avoid the dictionary, except in cases where you don't understand a word. In your definition explain the meaning of the whole topic rather than each separate word.
The negative team may agree with or choose to challenge the definition presented. The negative team should be very careful about challenging as it is difficult to continue the debate with two definitions. Challenges may be made if the definition given is unreasonable or if it defines the opposition out of the debate. If the negative team chooses to challenge the definition it should be done by the first speaker who should clearly outline why the negative is challenging and then propose a better definition.
TEAM LINE.
Because debating is a team event it is important that the three speakers work together as a team. The TEAM LINE is the basic statement of "why the topic is true" (for the affirmative) and "why the topic is false" (for the negative). It should be a short sentence, presented by the first speaker of each team and used by the other two speakers to enforce the idea of teamwork.
RULES: THE ROLES OF THE SPEAKERS.
In a debating team each speaker has specified roles that they must fulfill to play their part in the team. They are laid out below in the order that the speakers will speak.
1st Affirmative must:
• define the topic.
• present the affirmative's team line.
• outline briefly what each speaker in their team will talk about.
• present the first half of the affirmative case.
1st negative must:
• accept or reject the definition. If you don't do this it is assumed that you accept the definition.
• present the negative team line.
• outline briefly what each of the negative speakers will say.
• rebut a few of the main points of the first affirmative speaker.
• The 1st negative should spend about one quarter of their time rebutting.
• present the first half of the negative team's case.
2nd affirmative must:
o reaffirm the affirmative’s team line.
o rebut the main points presented by the 1st negative.
o the 2nd affirmative should spend about one third of their time rebutting.
o present the second half of the affirmative's case.
2nd negative must:
• reaffirm the negative's team line.
• rebut some of the main points of the affirmative's case.
• the 2nd negative should spend about one third of their time rebutting.
• present the second half of the negative's case.
3rd affirmative must:
• reaffirm the affirmative's team line.
• rebut all the remaining points of the negative's case.
• The 3rd affirmative should spend about two thirds to three quarters of their time rebutting.
• present a summary of the affirmative's case.
- Round off the debate for the affirmative.
3rd negative must:
• reaffirm the negative's team line.
• rebut all the remaining points of the affirmative's case.
• the 3rd negative should spend about two thirds to three quarters of their time rebutting.
• present a summary of the negative's case.
• round off the debate for the negative.
Neither third speaker may introduce any new parts of their team's cases.
REBUTTAL.
In debating each team will present points in favour of their case. They will also spend some time criticising the arguments presented by the other team. This is called rebuttal. There are a few things to remember about rebuttal.
1. Logic - to say that the other side is wrong is not enough. You have to show why the other side is wrong. This is best done by taking a main point of the other side's argument and showing that it does not make sense. Because a lot of the thinking for this needs to be done quickly this is one of the most challenging and enjoyable aspects of debating.
2. Pick the important points - try to rebut the most important points of the other side's case. You will find that after a while these are easier and easier to spot. One obvious spot to find them is when the first speaker of the other team outlines briefly what the rest of the team will say. But do not rebut those points until after they have actually been presented by the other team.
3. `Play the ball' - do not criticize the individual speakers, criticize what they say. To call someone fat, ugly or a nerd does not make what they say wrong and it will also lose you marks.

TECHNIQUES: THE INDIVIDUAL SPEAKER.
There are many techniques that each speaker can use in their speech but there are three main areas that you will be marked on and they are matter, method and manner.

CONCEPT: MATTER.
Matter is what you say; it is the substance of your speech. You should divide your matter into arguments and examples.
An argument is a statement "The topic is true (or false depending on which side you are on) because of x", where the argument fills in for the x . For example in the topic "That the zoos should be closed" an argument may be: "the zoos should be closed because they confine the animals in an unnatural environment".
An example is a fact or piece of evidence which supports an argument. If our argument is: "that zoos should be closed because they confine the animals in an unnatural environment" then an example might be: "that in the lion cage at Taronga Park Zoo in Sydney the animals only have about 200 square meters where in the wild they would have 2000 square kilometers to roam in.".
Any examples that you use should be relevant to the topic at hand. Examples which have very little or nothing to do with the topic only make a speech look weak and lacking substance.
Matter cannot be just a long list of examples. You do not win a debate by creating the biggest pile of facts. Facts are like bricks in a wall, if you don't use them, cement them together properly then they are useless. Similarly you cannot win a debate solely by proving that some of the facts of the opposition are wrong. It may weaken their case a little, the same way that removing some of the bricks from a wall will, but you really need to attack the main arguments that the other side presents to bring the whole wall crashing down.
Many debates are on currently important issues so it is good for any debater to keep themselves informed of what is happening in the world around them and what are the issues involved. Watching the news helps (but watch a credible broadcast like the ABC , you are hardly likely to get a topic on some heartwarming story about a lost cat in western Sydney) as does reading a good paper or periodical like the Canberra Times or the Sydney Morning Herald.
CONCEPT: METHOD.
Where matter is what you say method is how you organize what you say. There are many delicious pieces of the method pie; here are a few tantalizing crumbs.......
1. TEAM.
Good team method involves unity and logic. Unity is created by all members being aware of the definition, what the other speakers have said and what the team line is. Each member of the team needs to reinforce the team line and be consistent with what has already been said and what will be said by the other members of their team. You may as well shoot yourself in the foot as change the team line mid debate just because you think it isn't working. Your team will look poorly organized and will be severely penalized by the adjudicator.
0. INDIVIDUAL.
You must structure your own speech well. The first step is to have a clear idea of your own arguments and which examples you will be using to support those arguments. As you speak make a clear division between arguments and let the audience know when you are moving from one argument to the next, this is called sign posting and is a very important debating tool. The key thing to remember is that although you know exactly what you are saying the audience has never heard it before and will only hear it once so you have to be very clear about it.
When you are presenting one particular argument make sure that the argument is logical (makes sense) and that you make clear links between your team line and the argument, and between the argument and the examples that you will use to support it.
Rebuttal should be organized the same way. Attack each argument that the opposition presents in turn. Spend a little while on each and then move on to the next. That way the other team's case is completely demolished.
Also organize your speech well in terms of time. Adjudicators can pick up when you are waffling just to fill in time .... and can see when you've spent too long on one point and then have to rush through all your other points and rebuttal just to finish your speech in time. Whew!! You will probably make a few mistakes with this early on but practice makes perfect.

CONCEPT: MANNER.
Manner is how you present what you say and there are various aspects of manner that you need to be aware of. There is no one prescribed way of presenting your argument. It is not true, no matter what Paul Keating thinks, that the best way of being convincing is to shout and thump on the table. The best advice you can get is to develop a manner style that is natural to you. Here are some tips and pointers.



1. CUE CARDS.
Do not write out your speech on cue cards. There is even a current, and indeed deplorable, trend towards computer generated cue cards. Debating is an exercise in lively interaction between two teams and between the teams and the audience, not in reading a speech. Use cue cards the same way you would use a prompt it a play, they are there for reference if you lose your spot. You can tell when someone is reading.. remember the television announcements by the politicians in the recent ACT elections?
2 EYE CONTACT.
Is very closely related to cue cards. If you look at the audience you will hold their attention. If you spend your time reading from cue cards or looking at a point just above the audience's head they will lose concentration very quickly. When you've got them by the eyeballs their hearts and minds will follow.
3 VOICE
There are many things you can do with your voice to make it effective. You must project so that you can be heard but 4 minutes of constant shouting will become very annoying very quickly. (Like a butcher shouting out the daily specials). Use volume, pitch and speed to emphasize important points in your speech. A sudden loud burst will grab your audience's attention while a period of quiet speaking can draw your audience in and make them listen carefully.
4. BODY.
"Work it baby, work it!". (Although any other links between the movie Pretty Woman and debating end here ! Your body is a tool for you to use. Make hand gestures deliberately and with confidence (a fine example of someone who can't is that idiot on the Canberra Toyota ads at the moment). Move your head and upper body to maintain eye contact with all members of the audience (although automatically moving your head from side to side makes the adjudicator want to pop a ping-pong ball in there). If you want to walk up and down do so but move with effect and deliberately, don't wear worry lines into the carpet. If you are going to stand still, stand with confidence. Don't let your body apologize for your presence by appearing nervous.
5. NERVOUS HABITS.
Avoid them like the plague. Playing with your cue cards, pulling on a stray strand of hair, fiddling with your watch, bouncing up and down on the balls of your feet or bouncing your cue cards off the nose of the nearest audience member as you are finished with them only distracts from your presentation. Use your whole person to effect, don't let any one thing detract from your ability to persuade the audience.
6. ELOCUTION AND OTHER BIG WORDS.
This is not an exercise in grammar or elocution. Try to avoid being too informal but don't go overboard the other way. There are no marks to be gained from trying to use big words you don't understand or can't pronounce. In the same way it is a huge mistake to let someone else writes your speech. People that do that aren't entering the spirit or developing the skills of debating and end up looking really silly getting stuck on a word they just can't say.





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